New exhibit standards in Russia

Elephas Maximus

Elephas Maximus

Well-Known Member
SInce beginning of 2020, new decree about using animals in cultural and entertainment purposes was enforced by Russian government. So new minimal enclosure sizes were set up. Institutions keeping wild animals have the time for rebuilding up to 2025.
I'll list the zoo & aquaria standards here, is anyone interested in ones for circuses?
 
This is encouraging news, given that animal conditions in Russia are not very good. By the way, how will the situation be resolved that by 2025 zoos will not meet these conditions? Will their animals be taken away? (I don't want to be negative, but I think it can happen.)
 
There is no place in Russia to rehome those animals if seized.
No state sanctuaries/rehab centers for wild animals. Only private ones, usually with husbandry equal to substandard zoos, and always overcrowded. One of them is in Yahroma, Moscow region (pictures below), it's called rehab center but is really a holding place for unwanted or seized specimens.
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Aquaria enclosure standards

Cetaceans:
Tank length should be at least twice the length of largest animal kept in it, but no less than 7 meters.
And 4 body lengths for pelagic species such as Delphinus, Stenella, Lagenorhynchus, Kogia (all are NOT kept in Russia except L.obliquidens in Primorsky aquarium, and D.delphis was kept in Soviet times and sometimes rescued nowadays with imminent premature death)
The depth of at least 25% of tank should be 1.5 length of largest animal.
Water should be filtered 4 times a day.
Volume: at least 200m3 for animals under 3m, 350m3 for animals 3-5m, 800m3 for animals 5-8m
Tank surface area: at least 50m2 for animals under 3m, 70m2 for animals 3-5m, 200m2 for animals 5-8m

Pinnipeds:
Fresh water is OK.
Land surface should be 1.5 x sum of square numbers of lengths of all animals in enclosure
Pool surface should be no less thad land
Pool length should be at least 1.5 lengths of largest animal in enclosure
Pool depth should be at least 0.5 lengths of largest animals, but no less that 1m
 
Zoo standards (I'll upload them gradually after translating)

Ungulates (for 1 animal, and 25% more space for each additional animal)

Hippos: indoor 100m2, outdoor 500m2, holding area 30m2, 3x3x2m pool in both enclosures
Rhinos: same except pool (the lawmakers obviously forgot about mud baths)
Tapirs & pigs: indoor 50m2, outdoor 100m2, holding area 20m2, for tapirs - 10m2 pool in both enclosures (and no mud baths for pigs)
Giraffes: indoor 120m2, outdoor 500m2, holding area 40m2
Large bovids: indoor 40m2, outdoor 70m2, holding area 30m2
Medium antelopes: indoor 50m2, outdoor 100m2, holding area 30m2
Small antelopes: indoor 15m2, outdoor 15m2, holding area 30m2 (stupid copypasting)
Equids: indoor 20m2, outdoor 100m2, holding area 15m2
Indoor exhibit not compulsory for following species, some as alpacas & llamas would freeze in harsh winters. Heated holding areas are not specified.
Bisons & musk ox: outdoor 250m2, holding area 40m2
Large cervids: outdoor 100m2, holding area 20m2
Camels: outdoor 80m2, holding area 25m2
Small camelids, medium & small cervids: outdoor 40m2, holding area 10m2
Caprines: outdoor 25m2, holding area 10m2
 
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Reptiles

-Tortoises
Small (5-15 cm) - 0,24m2, for pair 0.4m2
Medium (15-25 cm) - 0.5m2, for pair 1m2
Large (sulcata, leopard) - 6m2, for pair 7.5m2
Giant (Galapagos, Aldabra) - 12m2, for pair 14m2

-Freshwater turtles
3-10 cm: 30l
10-16 cm: 50l
16-25 cm: 80l
25 cm and larger: 150l

-Sea turtles (looks like international standard was taken. Space for additional animals not specified)
Up to 6 cm: surface area no less than 5 carapace lengths x 2 carapace width, and 0.3m depth
6-50 cm: 7L x 2W, 0.75m depth
50-65 cm: 7L x 2W, 0.9m depth
More than 65 cm: 9L x 2W, 4L depth (original standard said 4 feet)

-Terrestrial lizards
Up to 10cm: 0.015m2, for pair 0.08m2
Up to 20cm: 0.025m2, for pair 0.15m2
20-35cm: 0.07m2, for pair 0.2m2
35-50cm: 0.15m2, for pair 0.4m2
50-100cm: 0.5m2, same for pair (error)
About 100cm: 1m2, for pair 0.7m2 (error)

-Arboreal lizards
Up to 10cm: 0.015m2, for pair 0.3m2
Up to 20cm: 0.025m2, for pair 0.4m2
20-35cm: 0.07m2, for pair 0.5m2
35-50cm: 0.15m2, for pair 0.5m2
50-100cm: 0.5m2, for pair 1m2
About 100cm: 0.6m2, for pair 1.2m2

Green iguana, more than 100cm: 1m2, for pair 2m2
Horned & black iguanas, more than 100cm: 3m2, for pair 2m2 (error)
Galapagos land iguanas, more than 100cm: 6m2, for pair 2m2 (error)
Tuataras (listed as lizards by lawmakers and my damn country doesnt deserve keeping them!): 5m2, for pair 2m2 (error)
Heloderma: 1m2, for pair 1m2 (error)
Tegu: 0.75m2, for pair 1m2
Komodo dragon: 12m2, pool 2m2, for pair 2m2 (error)
Crocodile monitor: 5m2, for pair 2.5m2 (error)
Large monitors about 2m: 3m2, pool 2m2, for pair 2m2 (error)
Medium monitors 1-2m: 1.5m2, pool 2m2, for pair 1.5m2 (error)
Small terresrtial monitors (up 1o 1m): 0.5m2, pool 0.5m2, for pair 0.5m2 (error)
Small arboreal monitor (up to 100cm): 0.5m2, for pair 0.7m2
Water lizards: 0.5m2, pool 0.5m2, for pair 0,5m2 (error)
Caiman lizards: 0.75m2, pool 1m2, for pair 1m2

Snakes (including small boas & pythons)
-Terrestrial snakes
Up to 20cm: 0.015m2, 0.1m height
20-40 cm: 0.025m2, 0.2m height
40-100 cm: 0.1m2, 0.3m height
1-2m: 0.35m2, 0.55m height
2-3m: 0.5m2, 0.7m height
-Arboreal snakes
Up to 20cm: 0.015m2, 0.2m height
20-40 cm: 0.025m2, 0.3m height
40-100 cm: 0.1m2, 0.5m height
1-2m: 0.35m2, 0.7m height
2-3m: 1m2, 1m height
-Water snakes (wart/sea/tentacle):
Up to 1m: 50l
More than 1m: 200l

For other snakes: L = body length
Large boas & pythons
-From 3m and larger - Boa constrictor, amethystine python, Simalia boeleni, Papuan python, African rock python, Reticulated python, Burmese python: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height from 1/2 l to 2.2m
-From 2 to 3m - Boa constrictor, Madagascar boa, Epicrates, Papuan python, Black-headed python, water python: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height from 1/2 l to 2.2m
-Anacondas: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height from 1/2 l to 2.2m, pool 1/4L x 1/4L but no less than 1m2
Venomous snakes
-King cobra, black mamba, taipans: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height from 1/2 l to 2.2m
-Length from 1 to 2m - mambas, tree cobras, other large cobras, kraits, Australian elapids: land space 2/3L x 1/3L, height from 1/2 l to 2.2m
-All other elapids, length up to 1m: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height 1/2L
-Viperids from 1m & larger: terrarium length 1/2L, height 1/2L
-Terrestrial viperids up to 1m: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height 1/2L
-Arboreal viperids up to 1m: land space 2/3L x 1/2L, height 2/3L

Crocodylians
-Nile, Saltwater, gharial: land 10m2, pool 10m2, height 2m2
-American alligator, black caiman, other large species: land 8m2, pool 8m2, height 2m2
-Chinese alligator, Spectacled & broad-snouted caimans: land 4m2, pool 4m2, height 1.5m2
-Dwarf crocodile, dwarf caimans: land 3m2, pool 3m2, height 1.5m2
 
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Birds
5% extra space for each additional bird, not specified in penguins.
-Small arboreal/terrestrial birds - Passeriformes (tanagers, flycatchers, Paridae, warblers, canaries, finches), doves, parrakeets, small owls, hummingbirds and others: 0.5m2, 0.5m height (indoor & outdoor)
-Large arboreal/terrestrial birds - pigeons, small partridges & quails, thrushes, laughingthrushes, woodpeckers, cissas, barbets, touracos, small toucans & falcons: 1m2 indoor, 6m2 outdoor, 2m height
-Large parrots & toucans, small hornbills, medium corvids, fruit pigeons: 4m2 indoor, 10m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Large corvids & hornbills: 10m2 indoor, 20m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Medium galliforms & pigeons (pheasants, guinea fowl, chukars, large partridges & quails, hazel grouse, wood pigeon): 4m2 indoor, 15m2 outdoor, 2m height
-Large galliforms (peafowl, turkeys, capercaillie, black grouse, argus pheasant), crowned pigeons: 6m2 indoor, 20m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Ducks: 2m indoor, 10m outdoor, 2m height
-Geese: 4m indoor, 15m outdoor, 2m height
-Swans, cormorants, pelicans: 8m indoor, 25m outdoor, 2m height
Pools for water birds are not specified!
-Old & New World vultures: 16m2 indoor, 30m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Large raptors & owls (Eagles, bearded vulture, black-chested buzzard-eagle, caracaras, eagle owls, snowy owl): 8m2 indoor, 16m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Medium raptors & other owls: 6m2 indoor, 10m2 outdoor, 2m height
-Large wading birds (cranes, storks, large herons, ibises): 6m2 indoor, 15m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Small wading birds: 1m indoor, 2m outdoor, 2m height
No pools again!
-Flamingoes: 2m indoor, 6m outdoor, 3m height. Pool size 50% of enclosure.
-Emu, rheas, cassowaries: 8-10m2 indoor, 30m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Ostriches: 15m2 indoor, 40m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Large penguins (Emperor, king, strangely Adelie & chinstrap also listed as large): 8m2 land, 8m2 pool (2m deep)
-Small & medium penguins (spectacled, crested): indoor 4m2 land & 4m2 pool, outdoor 6m2 land & 6m2 pool (1.5m deep)
 
Primates

-Callithrichids, squirrel monkeys: 15-20m2 indoor (for group of 3-8), 25m2 outdoor, 2m height. 1m2 and 1.2m height for pair of callithrichids.
-Owl monkeys, titis, sakis: 15-20m2 indoor (for pair), 25m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Capuchins, uakaris, spider, woolly & howler monkeys: 20-30m2 indoor (for pair), 25m2 outdoor, 3m height
-Lorises, pottos: 5m2 indoor (for pair), 2.5m height, climbing structures
-Bushbabies, tarsiers: 5m2 indoor, 2.5m height
-Aye aye: 10m2 indoor, 4m height
-Large lemurs: 10m2 indoor (for pair), 50m2 outdoor (for pair), 3m height
-Small lemurs: 4m2 indoor & outdoor (for pair), 2m height
-Guenons: 10m2 indoor, 15m2 outdoor (for pair), 3-4m height
-Macaques, mangabeys: 20m2 indoor, 25m2 outdoor (for pair), 3-4m height
-Baboons: 20-30m2 indoor, 50m2 outdoor (for pair), 4-5m height
-Colobus, langurs: 10m2 indoor, 25m2 outdoor (for pair), 5m height
-Gibbons: 30-40m2 indoor & outdoor (for pair with baby), 6-7m height
-Gorillas: 40-50m2 indoor, 150m2 outdoor (for pair), +5-10m2 for each extra animal. 4-6m height
-Orangutans: 40-50m2 indoor, 150m2 outdoor (for pair), +5-10m2 for each extra animal. 6-7m height
-Chimpanzees: 25-40m2 indoor, 150m2 outdoor (for pair), +5-10m2 for each extra animal. 4-6m height
 
Carnivores
-Small mustelids: indoor & outdoor 1m2, height 1m. Indoor not necessary
-Medium mustelids (except domesticated ferrets & minks): indoor 2m2, outdoor 5m2, height 2m. Indoor not necessary. +5% space for each extra animal
-Small canids, procyonids: indoor 3m2, oudtoor 5m2, height 2m. +10% space for each extra animal
-Large canids: indoor 8m2, outdoor 50m2, height 3m. +15m2 for each extra animal
-Hyaenids: indoor 15m2, outdoor 50m2, height 3m. +15m2 for each extra animal
-Lynxes, large mustelids, red panda: indoor 10m2, outdoor 50m2, height 4m. +15m2 for each extra animal
-Cheetah: indoor 20m2, outdoor 100m2, height 3m. +50m2 for each extra animal
-Small cats: indoor 5m2, outdoor 20m2, height 3m.
-Big cats, cougars, bears except polar: indoor 20m2, outdoor 80m2, height 3m
-Polar bear: indoor 15m2, outdoor 150m2 (pool 1/3 of space), height 4m.
Pinnipeds
-Small earless seals (Pusa sp.): group size 1-6, land 15m2 (+3 for each extra), pool 70m2 (+10 each extra), 150m3
-Medium & large earless seals (grey, bearded, harbor): group size 1-6, land 30m2 (+5 for each extra), pool 120m2 (+20 each extra), 250m3
-Fur seals & sea lions (except Steller's): group size 3-6, land 35m2 (+5 for each extra), pool 140m2 (+20 each extra), 400m3
-Steller's sea lion: group size 3-6, land 50m2 (+10 for each extra), pool 200m2 (+35 each extra), 700m3
-Walrus: group size 5-7, land 80m2 (+15 for each extra), pool 300m2 (+50 each extra), 1000m3

Elephants: indoor 120m2, outdoor 300m2 (cows), 500m2 (bulls). +25% space for each extra animal

Other mammals (all listed as small mammals by lawmakers)
-Small terrestrial rodents & insectivores: 0.15m2, 0,3m height (for famiy groups)
-Small arboreal rodents & carnivores: 0.15m2, 0.7m height (for family groups)
-Squirrels, chipmunks: 0.5m2, 1m height (for pair)
-Small fruit bats: 1m2 (long side of exclosure no less than 1.3m for flight), 0.8m height (group up to 15)
-Large flying foxes: 4m2, 2m height (group up to 5)
-Leaf-nosed bats: 0.9m2, 2m height (group up to 35)
-Insectivorous bats: 10m2, 2m height (group up to 20)
-Large jerboas, ground squirrels: 1.5m2, 0.8m height (group up to 3)
-Small jerboas: 1m2, 0.6m height (group up to 3)
-Hedgehogs: 0.5m2, 0.5m height (for pair)
-Chinchillas, guinea pigs and similarly sized rodents: 1m2, 0.8m height (for pair)
-Hares: 10m2, 2.5m height (for pair)
-Large rodents (porcupines, beavers), viverrids, herpestids: 4m2, 2.5m height (for pair or family group)
-Medium kangaroos: 10m2, 2.5m height (group up to 3)
-Large kangaroos: 20m2, 3m height (group up to 3)
-Anteaters: 30m2, holding area 6m2, 2.5m height, for each extra animal +50% space
-Armadillos: 4m2, height 2m (for pair)
-Sloths: 6m2, height 2.5m (for pair)
 
These standards are pitifully small and much smaller than in the EU. I doubt e.g. whether it is possible to keep a large kangaroo on 20m2 without it developing serious health issues. Besides, there is no mention of holding many social species (even chimps and Old World Monkeys) in a minimum sized groups.

However, one must say that new exhibits are expensive. Many Central European zoos had big problems getting funds to rebuild themselves, and could do it only because they received subsidies.

Perhaps more sensible would be much higher standards, which would apply to all the new exhibits, and giving existing exhibits a period of 10 years or so to improve themselves.

But, does this law matter? How it is with law enforcement in Russia?
 
The previous zoo standards date Soviet times (1973). I'll list them here also.
Many Russian zoos, especially smaller ones in provincial cities, have limited territory, so some species have to be phased out, but not ABC's because they're crowd pullers.
And for circuses, no improvements have been made. Even keeping in small cages the size of transport crates remains legal, and larger enclosures are not much larger. It's often impossible to rebuild a circus without demolishing a large portion of building. And I suppose travelling menageries would continue functioning (at least those that are governed by Russian State Circus Company).
Law enforcement in Russia in pretty weak, if you have enough money for bribing or have right connections. For example, classified ads where CITES species are sold are banned now (even perfectly legal captive bred pythons & iguanas), but obviously poached animals like raptors, owls, ravens and Russian tortoises are OK.
 
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Soviet zoo standards for indoor exhibits (space per 1 animal)

Fish
-Small tropical (poeciliids, tetras, rasboras): 2L
-Medium tropical (freshvater angelfish, gouramis, Cichlasoma): 4-5L
-Large tropicsl (piranhas, tilapia, oscar): 12-15L
-Small coldwater (stickleback, bitterling, sunbleak): 3-4L
-Medium coldwater (crucian carp, tench, perch, dace): 10-12L
-Large coldwater (pike, common carp, wels catfish): 75-100L
-Sturgeons (sterlet and similarly sized specimens of larger species): 50-60L

Amphibians
-Newts, salamanders: 1m2, 0.6m high
-Toads, frogs: 1m2, 0.5m high
-Large species (cane toads, bullfrogs, giant salamanders): 1m2, 0.75m high

Reptiles
-Small lizards & snakes: 1m2, 0.6m high
-Agamas, anoles, basilisks, Eumeces skinks: 1m2, 0.6m high
-Indian cobra, blunt-nosed viper, Echis carinatus, Agkistrodon: 1m2, 0.8-1m high
-Monitors, Heloderma, Tiliqua, Ameiva: 1m2, 1.5-2m high
-Tortoises & turtles: 1m2, 0.75-1m high
-Giant tortoises: 2m2, 2-2.5m high
-Boas & pythons under 4m: 3m2, 1.75-2m high
-Boas & pythons over 4m: 4m2, 1.75-2m high
-Crocodiles under 2m: 3m2, 1.5-2m high
-Crocodiles over 2m: 5m2, 1.5-2m high

Birds
-Small passeriformes & parrakeets: 1m2, 1m high
-Pigeons, pheasants, partridges, owls, magpies, touracos, small falcons, medium parrots, toucans: 1m2, up tp 2m high
-Ducks & geese: 1m2, 1.5-2m high, pool needed
-Swans, pelicans: 4m2, 2m high, pool needed
-Eagles, vultures, condors: 4m2, 2.5-3m high
-Cranes, storks, herons: 4m2, 2.5-3m high
-Emu, rheas, cassowaries: 8-10m2, 2.5-3m high
-Ostrich: 10-12m2, 2.5-3m high
-Large parrots, hornbills: 3m2, 2.5-3m high
-Small penguins (Adelie, rockhopper): 3m2, 2.5-3m high
-Large penguins (Emperor, King): 4m2, 2.5-3m high

Mammals
-Small rodents (jerboas, dormice, chipmunks, ground squirrels), carnivores (weasels), insectivores, bats: 1m2, 1.5-2m high (for up to 4 animals)
-Medium rodents (marmots, muskrats), lagomorphs, carnivores (sable, foxes): 4m2, 2-2.5m high
-Wolves, lynxes, leopards, cheetah, wolverine, porcupines, capybaras, beavers: 5-6m2, 2-2.5m high
-Lions, tigers, bears: 10-12m2, 2.5-3m high
-Walruses, sealions, large seals: 12-15m2, 2.5-3m high
-Elephants: 100-120m2, 8-10m high
-Hippos: 30-40m2, 4-5m high
-Rhinos: 25-30m2, 4-5m high
-Tapirs, pigs: 10-12m2, 2.5-3m high
-Caprines: 12-15m2, 2.5-3m high
-Large antelopes, zebras, deer: 20m2, 4m high
-Giraffes: 60-80m2, 8-10m high
-Medium kangaroos: 4m2, 2.5-3m high
-Large kangaroos: 16-18m2, 2.5-3m high
-Anteaters, sloths, armadillos: 4m2, 2.5-3m high
-Small primates: 1m2, 1.2-1.5m high
-Medium primates: 4-5m2, 3-4m high
-Gibbons: 5-6m2, 4-5m high
-Great apes: 14-16m2, 4-5m high
 
Interesting that even Moscow Zoo, likely the best zoo the country has to offer, will really struggle to reach these new standards in some areas without serious funding. If this is what it takes to shuffle priorities around and improve, for instance, the two reptile pavilions then that's great, but it all depends on where the money flows...
 
Cannot edit the message. Space for some animals in Soviet standard was indicated for groups only:
-Small amphibians - 1m2 for 10
-Large amphibians - 1m2 for 2
-Small lizards & snakes - 1m2 for 10
-Agamas, anoles, basilisks, Eumeces skinks - 1m2 for 6
-Indian cobra, blunt-nosed viper, Echis carinatus, Agkistrodon - 1m2 for 4
-Monitors, Heloderma, Tiliqua, Ameiva - 1m2 for 2
-Tortoises & turtles - 1m2 for 4

Small birds - 1m2 for 10

Also pools for small crocs 0.6-0.75m deep, for large crocs & penguins - 1m deep.
Pool for hippos no less than 2/3 of indoor enclosure, up to 2m deep
 
Dormitator said:
Interesting that even Moscow Zoo, likely the best zoo the country has to offer, will really struggle to reach these new standards in some areas without serious funding. If this is what it takes to shuffle priorities around and improve, for instance, the two reptile pavilions then that's great, but it all depends on where the money flows...
Click to expand...
Moscow zoo is not the best zoo in terms of exhibit size (though its animal care and staff qualification are likely best in Russia), and its revamp possibilities are limited (lack of free space, historic exhibits). There are zoos with more total space (Rostov - 57 hectares, Novosibirsk - 65 hectares, Krasnoyarsk - 51 hectares, Yaroslavl - 120 hectares, Gelendzhik - 156 hectares)
 
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Elephas Maximus said:
Moscow zoo is not the best zoo in terms of exhibit size (though its animal care and staff qualification are likely best in Russia), and its revamp possibilities are limited (lack of free space, historic exhibits). There are zoos with more total space (Rostov - 57 hectares, Novosibirsk - 65 hectares, Krasnoyarsk - 51 hectares, Yaroslavl - 120 hectares, Gelendzhik - 156 hectares)
Click to expand...

No it certainly isn't, but I imagine given the size (21.5ha as far as I can see) if they wanted to keep all the species they hold a. on public display and b. in spacious modern enclosures they would have to start stacking buildings on top of each other!

Are there any laws in place protecting buildings of historic importance in Russian zoos? In the UK we have "Listed Building" status for certain buildings with London, Chester and Dudley zoos having rather a few.
 
Only in oldest zoos, like Moscow, Kaliningrad and St.Petersburg, historic buildlings are protected. And generally in Russia many historic buildings are demolished each year.
 
Standards for circuses and animal theaters

Large carnivores
Enclosures
-Lions, tigers: 3m L x 3 m W x 2,2m H
-Leopards, panthers: 3,6m L x 2,4m W x 2m H
-Polar bears: 3m L x 3m W x 2,5m H
-Brown bears (by animal size):
-small: 2m L x 2m W x 2m H
-medium: 3m L x 3m W x 2m H
-large: 3m L x 2,5m Wx 2m H
Cages
-Lions, tigers 2,1m L x 1,3m W x 1,3m H
-Leopards, panthers: 1,8m L x 1,3m W x 1,5m H
-Polar bears: 2,4m L x 1,5m W x 1,7m H
-Brown bears (by animal size):
-small: 1m L x 1m W x 1m H
-medium: 1,6m L x 1,6m W x 1,6m H
-large: 2,3m L x 1,6m Wx 2m H

Ungulates (stable size): L/W/H in meters

-Horses, other equids: 3/1,75/2,2
-Ponies: 2/1,5/1,5
-Rhinos: 6/4/1,4
-Tapirs, pigs: 2/1,5/1,5
-Large bovids: 3/1,75/2,2
-Medium antelopes: 2/1,75/2,2
-Small antelopes: 2/1,5/2
-Bisons & musk ox: 3/3/2,2
-Large cervids: 3/2/2,2
-Camels: 3/3/2,2
-Smaller camelids: 3/1,75/2,2
-Caprines: 2/1,5/1,5
-Giraffes: 40m2

Hippos
-Enclosure: 6/4/2,2
-Pool in enclosure: 4/3/1,7
-Transport pool: 3,5/2,2/1,2

Elephants
Enclosure 7 x 7 x 4,5m (chains OK)

Primates
Callithrichids, squirrel monkeys: cage 0,4 х 0,6 х 0,4m, enclosure 10m2, 1,9m high
Owl monkeys, titis, sakis: cage 0,5 х 0,8 х 0,5m, enclosure 10m2, 1,9m high
Capuchins, uakaris, spider, woolly and howler monkeys: cage 1 х 1,5 х 1m, enclosure 10m2, 1,9m high
Lorises: cage 0,4 х 0,6 х 0,4m, enclosure 5m2, 1,9m high
Bushbabies, pottos: cage 0,5 х 0,7 х 0,5m, enclosure 5m2, 1,9m high
Large lemurs: cage 1 х 1,5 х 1m, enclosure 10m2, 1,9m high
Small lemurs: cage 0,5 х 0,7 х 0,5m, enclosure 4m2, 1,9m high
Guenons: cage 0,8 х 1,2 х 0,8m, enclosure 6m2, 2m high
Macaques, mangabeys: cage 0,8 х 1,2 х 0,8m, enclosure 8m2, 2m high
Baboons: cage 0,7 х 1 х 0,7m, enclosure 10m2, 1,9m high
Colobuses, langurs: cage 1 х 1,5 х 1m, enclosure 10m2, 1,9 m high
Gibbons: cage 1 х 1,5 х 1m, enclosure 12m2, 1,9m high
Chimps, orangutans: cage 1,8 х 1,8 х 1m, enclosure 20m2 (+5m2 for each extra animal), 1,9m high

Other mammals
Hares, large rodents (porcupines, beavers), viverrids, herpestids: enclosure 2m2, cage 1m2
Medium kangaroos: 3m2
Large kangaroos, anteaters, armadillos: 5m2

Reptiles
Size of terrarium floor or vertical terrarium side for arboreal species, depending on animal size:
Lizards:
0,05-0,15m: 0,03m2
0,15-0,25m: 0,06m2
0,25-0,3m: 0,12m2
0,35-0,4m: 0,24m2
0,4-0,5m: 0,3m2
0,6-1m: 0,7m2
1-1,5m: 1m2
1,5-2m: 2m2
2-2,5m: 3m2
Snakes:
0,3-0,5m: 0,03m2
0,5-1m: 0,15m2
1-1,5m: 0,2 m2
1,5-2m: 0,24m2
2-2,5m: 0,5m2
2,5-3,5m: 1m2
more than 3,5m: 2m2

Crocodiles:
Enclosure 1,5-2 body lengths long, 2/3-1 body length wide
Pool is 75% of enclosure space, 1.5 body heights deep
 
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