In adition to the subspecies, they seem to be a distinct and isolated group. https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/104/2/303/6987841
Sika subspecies are a mess, especially in Japan. The northern Honshu centralis is a junior synonym of aplodontus, although it is widely used regardless.Does anyone know what subspecies of sika deer can be seen in the wild in Nara?