I recently came across a fascinating document called the Primate Global Captive Action Plan (1992) which aimed to map out the direction zoos would go towards when managing primates in captivity globally. Each region contributed their own report/findings including the accredited zoos within the Australasian region via several advisory group workshops in 1991 and 1992. Below is a summary of these very interesting plans. I am not sure if every figure is completely correct but it provides a truly detailed perspective on the primates in the Australasian region during the early 1990s. Note: most of these holdings represent the primate holdings of the major zoos rather than the many private zoos that I am sure also housed a range of species as well.
Full 557-page document: http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Primate GCAP 1992.pdf
Prosimians:
Ring-tailed Lemurs:
In 1991, the regional population of Ring-tailed Lemurs stood at only 30 (15.10.5) individuals across three facilities. This species wasn’t managed under a coordinated programme (yet) but there was great interest to establish one and five other zoos were interested in acquiring this species.
Ruffed Lemurs:
The Black-and-white Ruffed Lemurs had a population of 14 (7.7) individuals across four institutions and were coordinated by Melbourne. The individuals at Orana and Wellington at the time of writing were full siblings. It was also recommended that Perth investigate the purity of their animals. The predicted population was planned to be 14 (5.9) animals. The three (1.2) hybrid Ruffed Lemurs at Auckland were planned to be phased out.
Phase-out Lemurs:
At the time of writing, Perth Zoo had eleven (4.5.2) White-fronted Lemurs, Adelaide Zoo had two (1.1) Mongoose Lemurs and Taronga Zoo had three (2.1) Red-fronted Lemurs. They were plans to phase them all out. Adelaide planned to export their Mongoose Lemurs to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Lorises:
In 1991, Adelaide Zoo had three (2.1) Slender Lorises: “This species ls held only at Adelaide, no other property interested in obtaining Slender Loris. Suggested that species be phased out of region by attrition, and Adelaide to consider maintaining Slow Loris in keeping with rest of region. To remain in Category 4.” There was interest in establishing a population of Slow Loris as Taronga and Melbourne both showed interest to house them. Perth Zoo did have four (1.2.1) Slow Loris at the time of writing. It was recommended that a collaborative import occur which would lead to an upgraded programme.
Bushbabies:
The plan was to phase out the remaining bushbabies in favour of lorises or tarsiers – in the early 1990s there was 0.1 Lesser Bushbaby at Adelaide Zoo and 3.3 Thick-tailed Bushbabies at Perth Zoo.
Tarsiers:
Apparently, there was some interest to acquire tarsiers (
) with a proposed population of 10 (5.5) individuals…“Philippine Tarsier: the species is presently not within the region. Melbourne Zoo is considering involvement in co-operative program with Philippine fauna authorities, the program will include both in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Import should involve a number of zoos within the region, to maximize captive stocks, and will be in collaboration with captive stocks held in the Philippines. Pending development of the program, consideration to be given to placing species in Category l. Western Tarsier: Presently not in region, Sydney listed as interested, but has opted to obtain Philippine Tarsier rather than Western Tarsier. No further consideration to be given to this species (at this stage!)”
Callitrichids:
Marmosets:
The only Common Marmosets housed at an accredited zoo were at Gorge Wildlife Park and it was noted that they were also found in several research facilities. No plan was created for this species. In 1991, Pygmy Marmosets were only found at Perth with 15 (7.8) individuals which included related individuals. Phase out was recommended for more threatened species and callitrichids that required support with regional expansion. Wellington Zoo also expressed interest in 1992 to house a pair with their Golden Lion Tamarins.
Tamarins:
Perth and Melbourne housed Emperor Tamarins in 1991 with 23 (10.9.4) individuals. It was recommended to phase out these tamarins with their hybrid/unknown origins for pure subgrisescens subspecies in collaboration with other zoos. Taronga was also interested in acquiring this species and later received 3.0 tamarins.
Only two male Red-handed Tamarins were held at Perth at the time of writing and no other institution was interested. Phase out was recommended. Cotton-top Tamarins were found at four zoos in 1991 – Perth, Adelaide, Auckland and Melbourne with a total population of 50 (26.12.12) individuals. The 1992 meeting also showed this species at Taronga (3.0). Further growth was not recommended, and consideration was needed towards managing the rapid expansion of the population: “Species well represented in captivity and readily acquired. Despite endangered status, no plans for reintroduction program. Suggested that some facilities presently used for Cotton-tops be made available to species for which the captive population needs expansion, or re-introduction program exists. Noted that Melbourne keen to retain Cotton-tops as a flagship species.”
Golden Lion Tamarins were found at Melbourne, Adelaide and Wellington at the time of writing with a total population of 11 (3.8) individuals with a planned growth to 26 (13.13) tamarins. The Golden Lion Tamarins were recommended as a flagship species. This species was managed by Adelaide. The 1992 meeting also showed this species at Taronga (0.2) and Perth (1.1); Auckland also expressed interest in housing this species sometime after 1996.
There was also strong regional interest by several institutions to import Golden-headed Lion Tamarins: “Species not yet in region, but interest expressed by several institutions. Suggested that any involvement be done collaboratively with a view to participation in reintroduction programs, hence recommended tha.t this species be considered for inclusion in Category l. A well-established international studbook exists (J. Mallinson - Jersey) exists; so liaison with Jersey required to determine most appropriate action. Marmoset/tamarin group to work on this.”
In the 1992 workshop during the following year, Adelaide was also interested in Black Lion Tamarins and offered space for four (2.2) individuals. Other zoos were willing to support this endeavour: “Auckland, Melbourne and Perth have indicated willingness to change/supplement to another Lion Tamarin if region requires it.”
Goeldi's Monkeys:
Melbourne and Broome expressed some brief interest in collaboratively importing Goeldi's Monkeys: “Consideration has been given to obtaining Callimico as a co-operative effort - Broome and Melbourne expressed interest. However, preferred option for region is not to import Callimico and keep facilities available for more threatened species.”
New World Monkeys:
Capuchins:
It was recommended to phase out Perth’s remaining White-fronted Capuchins which consisted of eight (3.2.3) individuals in 1991. Black-capped Capuchins were housed at four accredited zoos – Melbourne, Taronga, Auckland and Wellington with largely unknown origins that required further investigation. The four zoos housed a total of 32 (14.16.2) individuals with a proposed population of 27 (15.12) capuchins. It was noted that Melbourne had plans to ship their capuchins to a private zoo.
Squirrel Monkeys:
Squirrel Monkeys were housed at Auckland, Taronga, Adelaide and Melbourne with a total of 38 (13.22.3). Like the capuchins, the origins of the population were largely unknown and further research was required to then develop a management plan. Taronga had plans to phase them out but Dubbo was interested in acquiring squirrel monkeys. In 1992, there were seven zoos interested in working with squirrel monkeys: “there is a strong regional interest in keeping a pure subspecies population with 7 zoos wishing to be involved. At present I am awaiting responses from several possible sources on the availability of a good size founder population of a known subspecies (particular interest expressed for bolivainan, so the region can support Melbourne, who have a good group, but all subspecies to be considered).”
Spider Monkeys:
A similar story for spider monkeys in regard to the need for further investigation: “for purpose of discussion both Black-handed Spider Monkey and Mexican Spider Monkey considered together. There is a need to consider which subspecies are represented in the various populations prior to developing management plan. Noted that Dubbo stock's ancestry traces back to San Francisco. Seek input from those working on Spider Monkey taxonomy.” Below are the 1992 recommendations for spider monkeys:
Douroucoulis:
Only a single animal at Perth at the time of writing in 1991. Adelaide had exported their last individuals. It was recommended to phase them out but was also noted that there were some in research facilities.
Old World Monkeys:
Macaques:
Four to five of the seven species of macaques were predicted to be phased out. Lion-tailed Macaques were recommended as the main managed species and there was consideration for a second threatened macaque species. At the time of the workshop, there were Crab-eating Macaques at Taronga (3.18.9 – retain colony perhaps opting for rarer species), Japanese Macaques at Perth (4.6.1 – phase out), Moor Macaques at Perth (2.1 – phase out) and Celebes Crested Macaques at Perth (3.2 – maintain with additional interest from Melbourne). Bonnet Macaques were at Adelaide and Auckland while Pigtail Macaques were found at Auckland, Melbourne and Wellington. Both species were flagged to be phased out in the long term. The final species, Lion-tailed Macaque was only at Adelaide Zoo in 1991 with a group of five (1.4). There was long-term interest from Taronga and Melbourne to acquire this species in hope of coordinating a programme for them.
Baboons/Mangabeys:
Melbourne had short-lived interest to get Black Mangabeys: “the species is not presently within the region. Melbourne Zoo nominated the Black Mangabey to its stocking policy, but has revised this decision, opting for greater representation of Asian species.”
Regional interest was with the Hamadryas Baboons which were at Adelaide, Perth, Wellington and Melbourne with a total population of 32 (9.23) individuals across the four institutions. All of them but Perth was interested in keeping them long-term. The assessment of the regional genetics was recommended to then arrange collaborative imports. Chacma Baboons were at Wellington and Auckland with a population of 20 (8.11.1) individuals. They also discussed that Melbourne had housed them: “Melbourne will phase out species and Werribee to display species in the long term. Noted that breeding is controlled at Auckland. Concern about "purity" of Melbourne stocks - most likely hybrids, probably with Olive Baboons.” Phase out/export was planned for the eight remaining (3.5) Guinea Baboons at Adelaide.
25 (10.14.1) Mandrills were found at the big four – Taronga, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth in 1991 with the following findings: “Only Perth intends to phase out species, whilst Sydney would like to maintain a bachelor group. Recommend that Perth review decision to phase out this species. Determine whether or not Broome interested in this species. Concern about purity of Melbourne stocks, most likely population consists of Drill/Mandrill hybrids (genetic study being done to verify this). Need to monitor situation with Mandrills, at this stage to remain in Category 4.” In 1992, Auckland had some interest as well: “after phase out may consider holding breeding group single sex or non-breeding group.”
Wellington were also interested in Geladas due to their suitable climate. Melbourne had just exported the last of their group to New York: “species recently phased out of region with Melbourne exporting stock to New York. Wellington has expressed interest in obtaining Geladas as felt they would adapt well to climate. Possibly other zoos may be interested in Geladas.” In 1992, there were further discussions: “ I believe it is viable to maintain Hamadryas for the present time. If zoos in the future wish to delate Gelada can be considered as an alternative. Also, Hamadryas can be kept within region if zoos wish and also maintain Gelada at the same time.” Auckland was potentially interested in Geladas but was more likely to opt for Hamadryas: “once phase out is complete consider holding Hamadryas group (breeding or non breeding); also consider holding gelada (breeding or non breeding)”
Other African Monkeys (Guenons, Colobus etc):
Vervets were only at Perth with the recommendation to consider another species like Patas Monkeys. At the time of writing, they had a group of 13 (7.5.1) monkeys. De Brazza’s Monkeys were found at the big four – Taronga, Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth with a total population of 19 (10.8.1) individuals with interest for coordinated management. Only Perth had plans to phase them out. Patas Monkeys were found at Orana and Dubbo with a total population of 15 (4.9.2) individuals. Like the DeBrazzas, there was interest to create a managed programme for them. 13 (6.6.1) Black-and-white Colobus Monkeys were present in the region with lots of discussion around managing the different subspecies. This mentions colobus monkeys being in NZ but I imagine this is an error: “noted that Melbourne holds the Ethiopian form whilst Wellington and Christchurch hold the Kenyan form. Adelaide has expressed interest in obtaining species. Discussion about which subspecies to be kept within the region. Suggested that region opts for subspecies which is more readily obtainable species will require management, nominated for Category. 3”. The 1992 discussions mention Perth and Melbourne: “this material suggests that Melbourne's animals do not belong to the subspecies guereza although this is yet to be confirmed. Perth maintains that their stocks are of the subspecies kikuyensis, but acknowledge that purity of stock can only be confirmed by DNA finger-printing.”
The remaining odds and ends included four (1.3) Diana Monkeys at Auckland Zoo with plans for growing the population to 2.4 and three (1.2) Blue/Diademed Monkeys at Adelaide. The Blue Monkeys were to be exported out of the region.
Langurs:
In the 1990s, the langur species included a bit of everything really. Phase-out species included five (3.2) Silvered Leaf Monkeys at Melbourne, seven (2.5) Hanuman Langurs at Adelaide and Purple-faced Langurs at Adelaide (1.1) and Perth (1.2).
The only species that was interested in being maintained in the long-term were Dusky Langurs. Adelaide Zoo had a pair with interests to get a group of five (1.4). It was noted that it still wasn’t fully clear which langur species would be managed. Note: in 1992 discussions commenced about Francois’ Langurs.
There was also interest in a few more unusual species like doucs but I think that was a bit of wishful thinking: “Suggested that only one of these species be imported to the region, and that this be done collaboratively. Need to consider a species with greatest potential for conservation. Noted that additional founders needed for captive population of Dusky Douc Langurs.”
Gibbons:
In the early 1990s, there were seven gibbon species in the region with immediate plans to phase out two species: “presently seven species of gibbon maintained within the region two (Agile and Muller's) will be phased out. Need to determine what Perth will do with Hoolocks and Molochs, and determine whether or not to pursue White-handeds. Suggest that focus be on White-cheeked Gibbons, with considerations being given to obtaining another threatened Gibbon (Molochs?) cooperatively. Noted that Siamangs of value.”
White-cheeked Gibbons were only housed at Perth and Melbourne with nine (4.3.2) gibbons. Wellington was set to soon receive a pair and there was some potential further interest. A 1992 survey revealed interest from Auckland: “Auckland Zoo is to consider holding white-cheeks.”
White-handed Gibbons were housed at Taronga, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney with a total of 15 (6.9) gibbons. The first two zoos were considering whether to still keep the species and it was still undecided whether this species would be maintained. There were 14 (8.6) Siamang in the region in 1991 and the species was viewed as well-established with individuals found at Auckland, Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth. Dubbo was due to receive a pair as well.
The remaining population of gibbons included 1.1 Agile Gibbons at Wellington (to be replaced with the white cheeks), 1.1 Hoolock Gibbons at Perth, 2.1 Javan Gibbons at Perth and Müller's Gibbons at Taronga (0.1) and Melbourne (1.1) respectively. Melbourne’s pair were apparently going to move to Gorge Wildlife Park. All of these remaining species were to be phased expect for the Javans.
Great Apes:
Orangutans:
The long-term plan established was for New Zealand to house Bornean Orangutans and for Australia to house the Sumatran Orangutans: “goal is to group Bornean Orang-utans in New Zealand, and Sumatran Orang-utans in Australia. The problem of hybrids raised. Felt appropriate that hybrid animals being exported should be sterilised to prevent breeding and creation of further hybrids - making less space available to pure-breds.” At the time of writing there were 30 (11.19) orangs in the region.
Chimpanzees:
Chimpanzees were housed at Adelaide, Auckland, Melbourne, Perth, Taronga and Wellington. Both Melbourne and Perth had plans to phase them out while Dubbo and Orana expressed interest in housing bachelor groups: “Shipments planned for 1990 put on hold due to restructuring of group at Sydney. Noted that communications with Species Co-ordinator have been limited of late - need to determine what transactions will take place during 1991. Management plan has been developed obviating need for imports, to remain in Category 2. Suggested that consideration be given to identifying which subspecies are held in region.” In 1991, there were 52 (19.33) chimps in accredited zoos. Below are the 1992 recommendations for chimps in the Australasian region:
Gorillas:
Western Lowland Gorillas were only found at Melbourne with a group of six (4.2) individuals. Interestingly, Auckland expressed interest in housing them: “presently only held at Melbourne, although Auckland and Broome could be interested in the long term. As well established lnternational Studbook exists species nominated for Category 2.”
Notable Transfers of Primates in the Australasian Region (early 1990s):
After the main report an update was provided with some of the key primate moves (including upcoming ones) involving the region:
Notable Births/Deaths of Primates in the Australasian Region (early 1990s):
After the main report an update was provided with some of the key primate births and deaths within the region:
Full 557-page document: http://www.cbsg.org/sites/cbsg.org/files/documents/Primate GCAP 1992.pdf
Prosimians:
Ring-tailed Lemurs:
In 1991, the regional population of Ring-tailed Lemurs stood at only 30 (15.10.5) individuals across three facilities. This species wasn’t managed under a coordinated programme (yet) but there was great interest to establish one and five other zoos were interested in acquiring this species.
Ruffed Lemurs:
The Black-and-white Ruffed Lemurs had a population of 14 (7.7) individuals across four institutions and were coordinated by Melbourne. The individuals at Orana and Wellington at the time of writing were full siblings. It was also recommended that Perth investigate the purity of their animals. The predicted population was planned to be 14 (5.9) animals. The three (1.2) hybrid Ruffed Lemurs at Auckland were planned to be phased out.
Phase-out Lemurs:
At the time of writing, Perth Zoo had eleven (4.5.2) White-fronted Lemurs, Adelaide Zoo had two (1.1) Mongoose Lemurs and Taronga Zoo had three (2.1) Red-fronted Lemurs. They were plans to phase them all out. Adelaide planned to export their Mongoose Lemurs to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Lorises:
In 1991, Adelaide Zoo had three (2.1) Slender Lorises: “This species ls held only at Adelaide, no other property interested in obtaining Slender Loris. Suggested that species be phased out of region by attrition, and Adelaide to consider maintaining Slow Loris in keeping with rest of region. To remain in Category 4.” There was interest in establishing a population of Slow Loris as Taronga and Melbourne both showed interest to house them. Perth Zoo did have four (1.2.1) Slow Loris at the time of writing. It was recommended that a collaborative import occur which would lead to an upgraded programme.
Bushbabies:
The plan was to phase out the remaining bushbabies in favour of lorises or tarsiers – in the early 1990s there was 0.1 Lesser Bushbaby at Adelaide Zoo and 3.3 Thick-tailed Bushbabies at Perth Zoo.
Tarsiers:
Apparently, there was some interest to acquire tarsiers (
) with a proposed population of 10 (5.5) individuals…“Philippine Tarsier: the species is presently not within the region. Melbourne Zoo is considering involvement in co-operative program with Philippine fauna authorities, the program will include both in-situ and ex-situ conservation. Import should involve a number of zoos within the region, to maximize captive stocks, and will be in collaboration with captive stocks held in the Philippines. Pending development of the program, consideration to be given to placing species in Category l. Western Tarsier: Presently not in region, Sydney listed as interested, but has opted to obtain Philippine Tarsier rather than Western Tarsier. No further consideration to be given to this species (at this stage!)”Callitrichids:
Marmosets:
The only Common Marmosets housed at an accredited zoo were at Gorge Wildlife Park and it was noted that they were also found in several research facilities. No plan was created for this species. In 1991, Pygmy Marmosets were only found at Perth with 15 (7.8) individuals which included related individuals. Phase out was recommended for more threatened species and callitrichids that required support with regional expansion. Wellington Zoo also expressed interest in 1992 to house a pair with their Golden Lion Tamarins.
Tamarins:
Perth and Melbourne housed Emperor Tamarins in 1991 with 23 (10.9.4) individuals. It was recommended to phase out these tamarins with their hybrid/unknown origins for pure subgrisescens subspecies in collaboration with other zoos. Taronga was also interested in acquiring this species and later received 3.0 tamarins.
Only two male Red-handed Tamarins were held at Perth at the time of writing and no other institution was interested. Phase out was recommended. Cotton-top Tamarins were found at four zoos in 1991 – Perth, Adelaide, Auckland and Melbourne with a total population of 50 (26.12.12) individuals. The 1992 meeting also showed this species at Taronga (3.0). Further growth was not recommended, and consideration was needed towards managing the rapid expansion of the population: “Species well represented in captivity and readily acquired. Despite endangered status, no plans for reintroduction program. Suggested that some facilities presently used for Cotton-tops be made available to species for which the captive population needs expansion, or re-introduction program exists. Noted that Melbourne keen to retain Cotton-tops as a flagship species.”
Golden Lion Tamarins were found at Melbourne, Adelaide and Wellington at the time of writing with a total population of 11 (3.8) individuals with a planned growth to 26 (13.13) tamarins. The Golden Lion Tamarins were recommended as a flagship species. This species was managed by Adelaide. The 1992 meeting also showed this species at Taronga (0.2) and Perth (1.1); Auckland also expressed interest in housing this species sometime after 1996.
There was also strong regional interest by several institutions to import Golden-headed Lion Tamarins: “Species not yet in region, but interest expressed by several institutions. Suggested that any involvement be done collaboratively with a view to participation in reintroduction programs, hence recommended tha.t this species be considered for inclusion in Category l. A well-established international studbook exists (J. Mallinson - Jersey) exists; so liaison with Jersey required to determine most appropriate action. Marmoset/tamarin group to work on this.”
In the 1992 workshop during the following year, Adelaide was also interested in Black Lion Tamarins and offered space for four (2.2) individuals. Other zoos were willing to support this endeavour: “Auckland, Melbourne and Perth have indicated willingness to change/supplement to another Lion Tamarin if region requires it.”
Goeldi's Monkeys:
Melbourne and Broome expressed some brief interest in collaboratively importing Goeldi's Monkeys: “Consideration has been given to obtaining Callimico as a co-operative effort - Broome and Melbourne expressed interest. However, preferred option for region is not to import Callimico and keep facilities available for more threatened species.”
New World Monkeys:
Capuchins:
It was recommended to phase out Perth’s remaining White-fronted Capuchins which consisted of eight (3.2.3) individuals in 1991. Black-capped Capuchins were housed at four accredited zoos – Melbourne, Taronga, Auckland and Wellington with largely unknown origins that required further investigation. The four zoos housed a total of 32 (14.16.2) individuals with a proposed population of 27 (15.12) capuchins. It was noted that Melbourne had plans to ship their capuchins to a private zoo.
Squirrel Monkeys:
Squirrel Monkeys were housed at Auckland, Taronga, Adelaide and Melbourne with a total of 38 (13.22.3). Like the capuchins, the origins of the population were largely unknown and further research was required to then develop a management plan. Taronga had plans to phase them out but Dubbo was interested in acquiring squirrel monkeys. In 1992, there were seven zoos interested in working with squirrel monkeys: “there is a strong regional interest in keeping a pure subspecies population with 7 zoos wishing to be involved. At present I am awaiting responses from several possible sources on the availability of a good size founder population of a known subspecies (particular interest expressed for bolivainan, so the region can support Melbourne, who have a good group, but all subspecies to be considered).”
Spider Monkeys:
A similar story for spider monkeys in regard to the need for further investigation: “for purpose of discussion both Black-handed Spider Monkey and Mexican Spider Monkey considered together. There is a need to consider which subspecies are represented in the various populations prior to developing management plan. Noted that Dubbo stock's ancestry traces back to San Francisco. Seek input from those working on Spider Monkey taxonomy.” Below are the 1992 recommendations for spider monkeys:
Taronga Zoo - wish to display a group of 5 old females, which with natural attrition will lead to this species being phased out of their collection. They also wish to transfer 2 young females into a breeding situation, possibly Wellington Zoo or Ti Point Zoo.
Melbourne Zoo - hold a presently a mixed group and allow natural attrition or transfer as non-breeding group, possibly to Adelaide Zoo. Then use resources for known Ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi.
Adelaide Zoo- have spaces for 6 animals in non-breeding group, possibly Melbourne or Wellington hybrids.
Wellington Zoo - transfer hybrid stock to non-breeding situation, possibly Adelaide or Puaki Zoo. Keep 2 females (.M21 & M22) and any others that are probably A.g.g., get females 840034 and 870016 from Taronga and a male, preferably unrelated to animals in the region, otherwise Auckland could provide.
Auckland Zoo- introduce new genes, probably an unrelated male.
Ti Point Zoo- have 2.2.0 animals on loan from Auckland and have a long-term commitment to this subspecies. They would be interested in obtaining the 2 females from Taronga.
Melbourne Zoo - hold a presently a mixed group and allow natural attrition or transfer as non-breeding group, possibly to Adelaide Zoo. Then use resources for known Ateles geoffroyi geoffroyi.
Adelaide Zoo- have spaces for 6 animals in non-breeding group, possibly Melbourne or Wellington hybrids.
Wellington Zoo - transfer hybrid stock to non-breeding situation, possibly Adelaide or Puaki Zoo. Keep 2 females (.M21 & M22) and any others that are probably A.g.g., get females 840034 and 870016 from Taronga and a male, preferably unrelated to animals in the region, otherwise Auckland could provide.
Auckland Zoo- introduce new genes, probably an unrelated male.
Ti Point Zoo- have 2.2.0 animals on loan from Auckland and have a long-term commitment to this subspecies. They would be interested in obtaining the 2 females from Taronga.
Douroucoulis:
Only a single animal at Perth at the time of writing in 1991. Adelaide had exported their last individuals. It was recommended to phase them out but was also noted that there were some in research facilities.
Old World Monkeys:
Macaques:
Four to five of the seven species of macaques were predicted to be phased out. Lion-tailed Macaques were recommended as the main managed species and there was consideration for a second threatened macaque species. At the time of the workshop, there were Crab-eating Macaques at Taronga (3.18.9 – retain colony perhaps opting for rarer species), Japanese Macaques at Perth (4.6.1 – phase out), Moor Macaques at Perth (2.1 – phase out) and Celebes Crested Macaques at Perth (3.2 – maintain with additional interest from Melbourne). Bonnet Macaques were at Adelaide and Auckland while Pigtail Macaques were found at Auckland, Melbourne and Wellington. Both species were flagged to be phased out in the long term. The final species, Lion-tailed Macaque was only at Adelaide Zoo in 1991 with a group of five (1.4). There was long-term interest from Taronga and Melbourne to acquire this species in hope of coordinating a programme for them.
Baboons/Mangabeys:
Melbourne had short-lived interest to get Black Mangabeys: “the species is not presently within the region. Melbourne Zoo nominated the Black Mangabey to its stocking policy, but has revised this decision, opting for greater representation of Asian species.”
Regional interest was with the Hamadryas Baboons which were at Adelaide, Perth, Wellington and Melbourne with a total population of 32 (9.23) individuals across the four institutions. All of them but Perth was interested in keeping them long-term. The assessment of the regional genetics was recommended to then arrange collaborative imports. Chacma Baboons were at Wellington and Auckland with a population of 20 (8.11.1) individuals. They also discussed that Melbourne had housed them: “Melbourne will phase out species and Werribee to display species in the long term. Noted that breeding is controlled at Auckland. Concern about "purity" of Melbourne stocks - most likely hybrids, probably with Olive Baboons.” Phase out/export was planned for the eight remaining (3.5) Guinea Baboons at Adelaide.
25 (10.14.1) Mandrills were found at the big four – Taronga, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth in 1991 with the following findings: “Only Perth intends to phase out species, whilst Sydney would like to maintain a bachelor group. Recommend that Perth review decision to phase out this species. Determine whether or not Broome interested in this species. Concern about purity of Melbourne stocks, most likely population consists of Drill/Mandrill hybrids (genetic study being done to verify this). Need to monitor situation with Mandrills, at this stage to remain in Category 4.” In 1992, Auckland had some interest as well: “after phase out may consider holding breeding group single sex or non-breeding group.”
Wellington were also interested in Geladas due to their suitable climate. Melbourne had just exported the last of their group to New York: “species recently phased out of region with Melbourne exporting stock to New York. Wellington has expressed interest in obtaining Geladas as felt they would adapt well to climate. Possibly other zoos may be interested in Geladas.” In 1992, there were further discussions: “ I believe it is viable to maintain Hamadryas for the present time. If zoos in the future wish to delate Gelada can be considered as an alternative. Also, Hamadryas can be kept within region if zoos wish and also maintain Gelada at the same time.” Auckland was potentially interested in Geladas but was more likely to opt for Hamadryas: “once phase out is complete consider holding Hamadryas group (breeding or non breeding); also consider holding gelada (breeding or non breeding)”
Other African Monkeys (Guenons, Colobus etc):
Vervets were only at Perth with the recommendation to consider another species like Patas Monkeys. At the time of writing, they had a group of 13 (7.5.1) monkeys. De Brazza’s Monkeys were found at the big four – Taronga, Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth with a total population of 19 (10.8.1) individuals with interest for coordinated management. Only Perth had plans to phase them out. Patas Monkeys were found at Orana and Dubbo with a total population of 15 (4.9.2) individuals. Like the DeBrazzas, there was interest to create a managed programme for them. 13 (6.6.1) Black-and-white Colobus Monkeys were present in the region with lots of discussion around managing the different subspecies. This mentions colobus monkeys being in NZ but I imagine this is an error: “noted that Melbourne holds the Ethiopian form whilst Wellington and Christchurch hold the Kenyan form. Adelaide has expressed interest in obtaining species. Discussion about which subspecies to be kept within the region. Suggested that region opts for subspecies which is more readily obtainable species will require management, nominated for Category. 3”. The 1992 discussions mention Perth and Melbourne: “this material suggests that Melbourne's animals do not belong to the subspecies guereza although this is yet to be confirmed. Perth maintains that their stocks are of the subspecies kikuyensis, but acknowledge that purity of stock can only be confirmed by DNA finger-printing.”
The remaining odds and ends included four (1.3) Diana Monkeys at Auckland Zoo with plans for growing the population to 2.4 and three (1.2) Blue/Diademed Monkeys at Adelaide. The Blue Monkeys were to be exported out of the region.
Langurs:
In the 1990s, the langur species included a bit of everything really. Phase-out species included five (3.2) Silvered Leaf Monkeys at Melbourne, seven (2.5) Hanuman Langurs at Adelaide and Purple-faced Langurs at Adelaide (1.1) and Perth (1.2).
The only species that was interested in being maintained in the long-term were Dusky Langurs. Adelaide Zoo had a pair with interests to get a group of five (1.4). It was noted that it still wasn’t fully clear which langur species would be managed. Note: in 1992 discussions commenced about Francois’ Langurs.
There was also interest in a few more unusual species like doucs but I think that was a bit of wishful thinking: “Suggested that only one of these species be imported to the region, and that this be done collaboratively. Need to consider a species with greatest potential for conservation. Noted that additional founders needed for captive population of Dusky Douc Langurs.”
Gibbons:
In the early 1990s, there were seven gibbon species in the region with immediate plans to phase out two species: “presently seven species of gibbon maintained within the region two (Agile and Muller's) will be phased out. Need to determine what Perth will do with Hoolocks and Molochs, and determine whether or not to pursue White-handeds. Suggest that focus be on White-cheeked Gibbons, with considerations being given to obtaining another threatened Gibbon (Molochs?) cooperatively. Noted that Siamangs of value.”
White-cheeked Gibbons were only housed at Perth and Melbourne with nine (4.3.2) gibbons. Wellington was set to soon receive a pair and there was some potential further interest. A 1992 survey revealed interest from Auckland: “Auckland Zoo is to consider holding white-cheeks.”
White-handed Gibbons were housed at Taronga, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney with a total of 15 (6.9) gibbons. The first two zoos were considering whether to still keep the species and it was still undecided whether this species would be maintained. There were 14 (8.6) Siamang in the region in 1991 and the species was viewed as well-established with individuals found at Auckland, Adelaide, Melbourne and Perth. Dubbo was due to receive a pair as well.
The remaining population of gibbons included 1.1 Agile Gibbons at Wellington (to be replaced with the white cheeks), 1.1 Hoolock Gibbons at Perth, 2.1 Javan Gibbons at Perth and Müller's Gibbons at Taronga (0.1) and Melbourne (1.1) respectively. Melbourne’s pair were apparently going to move to Gorge Wildlife Park. All of these remaining species were to be phased expect for the Javans.
Great Apes:
Orangutans:
The long-term plan established was for New Zealand to house Bornean Orangutans and for Australia to house the Sumatran Orangutans: “goal is to group Bornean Orang-utans in New Zealand, and Sumatran Orang-utans in Australia. The problem of hybrids raised. Felt appropriate that hybrid animals being exported should be sterilised to prevent breeding and creation of further hybrids - making less space available to pure-breds.” At the time of writing there were 30 (11.19) orangs in the region.
Chimpanzees:
Chimpanzees were housed at Adelaide, Auckland, Melbourne, Perth, Taronga and Wellington. Both Melbourne and Perth had plans to phase them out while Dubbo and Orana expressed interest in housing bachelor groups: “Shipments planned for 1990 put on hold due to restructuring of group at Sydney. Noted that communications with Species Co-ordinator have been limited of late - need to determine what transactions will take place during 1991. Management plan has been developed obviating need for imports, to remain in Category 2. Suggested that consideration be given to identifying which subspecies are held in region.” In 1991, there were 52 (19.33) chimps in accredited zoos. Below are the 1992 recommendations for chimps in the Australasian region:
Sydney: Breed to own requirements, extend breeding intervals by use of contraceptives, drugs being trialled.
Melbourne: Transfer 3 females to Sydney and hold two Sydney males + maintain small bachelor group of 3 animals.
Adelaide: Vasectomise breeding male but store sperm for later use due to lack of space and facilities. Group numbers to remain static until changes take place.
Auckland: Breed to own requirements. Remove and store sperm from nonbreeding male as unrelated to other stock in the region.
Wellington: New facility in operation can increase group size by introducing new stock. Breeding must be managed and bred to own requirements or to order.
Perth: Deleted from collection.
Dubbo: Provide space for up to six males.
Orana: Provide space for up to six males.
Melbourne: Transfer 3 females to Sydney and hold two Sydney males + maintain small bachelor group of 3 animals.
Adelaide: Vasectomise breeding male but store sperm for later use due to lack of space and facilities. Group numbers to remain static until changes take place.
Auckland: Breed to own requirements. Remove and store sperm from nonbreeding male as unrelated to other stock in the region.
Wellington: New facility in operation can increase group size by introducing new stock. Breeding must be managed and bred to own requirements or to order.
Perth: Deleted from collection.
Dubbo: Provide space for up to six males.
Orana: Provide space for up to six males.
Gorillas:
Western Lowland Gorillas were only found at Melbourne with a group of six (4.2) individuals. Interestingly, Auckland expressed interest in housing them: “presently only held at Melbourne, although Auckland and Broome could be interested in the long term. As well established lnternational Studbook exists species nominated for Category 2.”
Notable Transfers of Primates in the Australasian Region (early 1990s):
After the main report an update was provided with some of the key primate moves (including upcoming ones) involving the region:
“Melbourne:
A six-year-old male gorilla imported from Jersey, a pair of Siamangs obtained from Munich (note related to other Siamangs in region), male Orang-utan (hybrid) to be sent to Hyderabad, and female Sumatran Orang-utan to arrive from San Diego, with additional 1.1 Sumatran Orang-utan to be obtained from Jersey. Ruffed Lemur will be imported from Cincinnati. Male White-cheeked Gibbon to go to Wellington and one to go to U .S
Adelaide:
Two female Lion-tailed Macaques imported from Woodland Park, Diademed [Blue] Monkeys to go to Indonesia, group of Cotton-top Tamarins to Kuala Lumpur and female Orang-utan to go to San Diego.
Sydney:
Shipment of chimpanzees and Orang-utans to be exported shortly. Male de Brazza Guenon arrived from Bristol.
Wellington:
Golden Lion Tamarins obtained from Adelaide; White-cheeked Gibbon to come from Melbourne. Agile Gibbons to be exported.”
A six-year-old male gorilla imported from Jersey, a pair of Siamangs obtained from Munich (note related to other Siamangs in region), male Orang-utan (hybrid) to be sent to Hyderabad, and female Sumatran Orang-utan to arrive from San Diego, with additional 1.1 Sumatran Orang-utan to be obtained from Jersey. Ruffed Lemur will be imported from Cincinnati. Male White-cheeked Gibbon to go to Wellington and one to go to U .S
Adelaide:
Two female Lion-tailed Macaques imported from Woodland Park, Diademed [Blue] Monkeys to go to Indonesia, group of Cotton-top Tamarins to Kuala Lumpur and female Orang-utan to go to San Diego.
Sydney:
Shipment of chimpanzees and Orang-utans to be exported shortly. Male de Brazza Guenon arrived from Bristol.
Wellington:
Golden Lion Tamarins obtained from Adelaide; White-cheeked Gibbon to come from Melbourne. Agile Gibbons to be exported.”
Notable Births/Deaths of Primates in the Australasian Region (early 1990s):
After the main report an update was provided with some of the key primate births and deaths within the region:
“Adelaide:
Some significant losses to report, the death of two female Sumatran Orangutan, and the deaths of six Golden Lion Tamarins who died from Toxoplasmosis, believed to have been "spread'' by cats.
Auckland:
A second Siamang has been born at Auckland. Spider Monkeys have bred.
Melbourne:
Girlie, a thirty-year-old female Bornean Orang-utan died, Max the breeding male Mandrill died. Motaba, the recently obtained gorilla, has integrated well and been observed mating the two female gorillas. A Cotton-top Tarnarin gave birth to three young in one litter, whilst a male Cotton-top Tamarin died at 21 years of age, possibly a longevity record
Orana Park:
Both the Patas Monkeys and Spider Monkeys have bred
Sydney:
The new line of de Brazza Guenons has bred. The first Chimpanzee birth for three years. The first Ring-tailed Lemur - to be born in 7 years. Two male Mandrills died, one aged ten, and one aged nine the latter dying of leukaemia.
Wellington:
Male Chimp Tom died, enabling integration of other Chimps into one group.”
Some significant losses to report, the death of two female Sumatran Orangutan, and the deaths of six Golden Lion Tamarins who died from Toxoplasmosis, believed to have been "spread'' by cats.
Auckland:
A second Siamang has been born at Auckland. Spider Monkeys have bred.
Melbourne:
Girlie, a thirty-year-old female Bornean Orang-utan died, Max the breeding male Mandrill died. Motaba, the recently obtained gorilla, has integrated well and been observed mating the two female gorillas. A Cotton-top Tarnarin gave birth to three young in one litter, whilst a male Cotton-top Tamarin died at 21 years of age, possibly a longevity record
Orana Park:
Both the Patas Monkeys and Spider Monkeys have bred
Sydney:
The new line of de Brazza Guenons has bred. The first Chimpanzee birth for three years. The first Ring-tailed Lemur - to be born in 7 years. Two male Mandrills died, one aged ten, and one aged nine the latter dying of leukaemia.
Wellington:
Male Chimp Tom died, enabling integration of other Chimps into one group.”
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