Mammals Imported into the United States, 1968-1972

[Chlidonias]

This thread results directly from this one: Muriqui in the USA


Prior to 1966 there was no legal requirement for the import records of animals brought into the USA to be retained as files. In 1966 Federal regulations made it mandatory to store all the documents, and for summaries of the total numbers of imported animals to be published as yearly reports. The first detailed compilation of the data for mammals was for the year 1968, published in 1970 by Clyde Jones, and then the data for the years from 1969 to 1972 were compiled by various authors (Clyde Jones, John L. Paradiso, Robert D. Fisher, and Roger B. Clapp).

All of these years' reports are available online in various forms, so I thought it would be interesting to list them all here for easier access.

I have found a reference to the report for 1973 as an unpublished draft, by Arthur M. Greenhall, but other than that I don't think anything was published after the 1968 to 1972 series.

The reports contain the data for all mammal species which were imported live (excluding livestock), and for all purposes (e.g. zoos, research labs, animal dealers, personal use). However the records are not 100% complete or accurate. The authors note that in some cases the imported animal(s) could not be identified to exact species (or even to Order) based on the names used on the import forms; some imports (especially of monkeys for labs) contained mixed species which were not individually identified; and records supplied by labs for species and numbers imported do not always match the species and numbers on the actual import declarations.


Particularly worth quoting is this passage from the 1971 list (by Clapp and Paradiso):

"We found ... that the combinations of common and scientific names used were often at an appallingly low level of accuracy. For example, the great preponderance of raccoons were listed as Procyon lotor, although the area of origin for most of them suggests to us that almost all were certainly P. cancrivorus. Primate names, particularly those of South American species, also were frequently suspect. Peculiar combinations of common and scientific names, when taken in conjunction with known geographic ranges of the species, clearly indicated that many South American monkeys are poorly or inadequately identified on the import forms. This seemed particularly true of the genera Cebus, Ateles, and Saguinus especially S. oedipus. Soini (1972) has indicated, for example, that the principal species of tamarin exported from the Amazonian region of Peru is Saguinus fuscicollis, including S. illigeri, yet a total of only 293 of 1,472 (20%) Saguinus imported from Peru in 1970 and 1971 were reported on declaration forms as illigeri and none were reported as fuscicollis.

Some scientific names were also used as a "catchall" for species in a genus or even for species belonging to different families. Coendou prehensilis, for example, was used for porcupines from Honduras and Nicaragua although the only species in this genus occurring there is C. mexicanus. The name was also used for seven porcupines imported from Thailand although the animals were certainly hystricids rather than erethizodontids. Frequently species were listed with only generic names although only one species occurs in the stated country of origin. For example, Three-toed Sloths were listed as Bradypus sp. when in a number of instances it seems almost certain that they could be safely identified as B. infuscatus.

As a consequence of our analysis we have in some instances rejected the identifications listed on the import declarations and have preferred to list the animals in question under less specific names. In other instances we have supplied a species identification on the basis of geographic range as well as on a consideration of the general level of taxonomic competence (or incompetence) exhibited by a given importer. Although it is possible that some errors may have been incorporated as a result of our analysis, we feel that, on the whole, our procedure has resulted in a more accurate appraisal of what animals are actually imported."

 

[Chlidonias]

MAMMALS IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1968
(Compiled by Clyde Jones)


This document is available online at the website of the Hathi Trust Digital Library, here: Mammals imported into the United States. 1968 (r:137).

It can also be viewed via Google Books. I haven't given a link because results for Google Books works differently per country, but if you Google "Clyde Jones Mammals imported into the United States 1968" you should be able to find it for additional information.


In the year 1968 at least 302 mammal species were imported into the USA, with 129,520 individual mammals in total. Of the species listed on import declarations, 487 individual mammals could not be identified at all by the list compiler from the names used on the forms - e.g. an import declaration form would simply say "11 mammals" with no further information. A number of species could also not be identified further than a general name (e.g. "squirrels").

I have retained the common and scientific names as used in the document. In some cases two or three common names are provided as alternatives, and sometimes a second scientific name is added as a synonym. Obviously there have been many nomenclatural changes in the last fifty years. In some cases no scientific name has been provided (because of the very general common name used on the import form, e.g. "armadillo"). The number given after the species name is how many individuals were recorded as being declared for importation during this year.

Any comments of my own are in brackets - these are usually providing the more common current name for clarity, or to explain certain listings further.


.....................................................................................................

MONOTREMES

*Australian Spiny Anteater / Spiny Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus - 4


MARSUPIALS

*Woolly Opossum Caluromys sp. - 19
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys lanatus - 45
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys philander - 7
*American Opossum Didelphis marsupialis - 1
*Bushy-tailed Opossum Glironia venusta - 64
*Mouse Opossum Marmosa sp. - 575
*Mouse Opossum / Murine Opossum Marmosa robinsoni - 374
*Four-eyed Opossum Philander opossum - 6

*Flat-tailed Sminthopsis / Pouched Mouse / Narrow-footed Marsupial Mouse [Fat-tailed Dunnart] Sminthopsis crassicaudata - 16

*Pygmy Gliding Opossum / Feather-tailed Glider Acrobates pygmaeus - 65
*Cuscus Phalanger sp. - 2

*Kangaroo [no scientific name given] - 3
*Forester Kangaroo / Great Grey Kangaroo Macropus major [now M. giganteus] - 2
*Wallaby [no scientific name given] - 8
*Rock Wallaby Petrogale sp. - 8
*Scrub Wallaby / Brush Wallaby / Tammar Wallaby Wallabia eugenii / Thylogale eugenii / Protemnodon eugenii [now Macropus eugenii] - 28
*Red-necked Wallaby Wallabia rufogrisea [now Macropus rufogriseus] - 5


INSECTIVORES
[Note: at the time Insectivora was a bit of a dumping ground for oddball mammals - here I have retained their grouping which includes hedgehogs, tenrecs, shrews, and tree shrews]

*Hedgehog Erinaceus sp. - 30
*Senegambian Hedgehog [Four-toed Hedgehog] Erinaceus albiventris [now Atelerix albiventris] - 29
*European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus - 44
*Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus - 95
*Ethiopian Hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus - 10
*Indian Hedgehog Paraechinus micropus - 4

*Madagascan Hedgehog [Greater Hedgehog Tenrec] Setifer setosus / Setifer madagascariensis - 2
[Note that madagascariensis is not a recognised synonym of setosus as far as I could find, so it may have been a name used erroneously on the import declarations]

*Pygmy Shrew / Dwarf Shrew / Musk Shrew Suncus sp. - 2

*Common Tree Shrew Tupaia glis - 486
[Note: all the years showed large numbers of tree shrews being imported, so they were probably all destined for research labs. The lists in later years gave the countries of origin for imported mammals. In the case of this species, most were imported from Thailand which would make them Belanger's Tree Shrews Tupaia belangeri, which at the time was treated as a subspecies of Tupaia glis. Lesser numbers were also being imported from Malaysia, which would have been the "true" Tupaia glis.]


BATS

*Short-nosed Fruit Bat Cynocephalus brachyotis - 3
*Indian Flying Fox / Giant Indian Fruit Bat Pteropus giganteus - 8

*Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros armiger - 9
*Large Malay Leaf-nosed Bat Hipposideros diadema - 9

*Leaf-nosed Bat [no scientific name given] - "No number given"
*Short-tailed Bat Carollia perspicillata - 40
*Mexican Long-tongued Bat Choeronycteris mexicana - 5
*[Pallas'] Long-tongued Bat Glossophaga soricina - 170
*[Greater] Spear-nosed Bat Phyllostomus hastatus - 18

*Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus - "No number given"

*Sucker Bat / Disk-winged Bat Thyroptera sp. - "No number given"

*Free-tailed Bats [no scientific name given] - "No number given"


PRIMATES
[The taxonomy of Primates has changed massively since the 1960s/70s. A lot of the species listed below have been split into multiple species since then and it would be impossible from a basic list to state which taxa they really were. Also in the later lists, which provided the countries of origin, it was noted that - especially for the New World Primates - names were often applied incorrectly.]

[From page 24 of the document there is an interesting set of tables regarding Primate numbers used in research in 1968 versus numbers imported that year. It notes that there are discrepancies between the numbers of Primates recorded as being imported and the numbers reported as being bought by research facilities. The species listed below with very high import numbers were mostly destined for research labs. Species with very low import numbers would be mostly zoo imports. Of the mammals imported into the USA during 1968, Primates made up almost 88% of total individuals recorded (out of 129,520 mammals in total, 113,714 of them were Primates).]


*Ring-tailed Lemur Lemur catta - 2
*Black Lemur Lemur macaco [now Eulemur macaco] - 1
*Mouse Lemur Microcebus murinus - 4
*Verreaux's Sifaka Propithecus verreauxi - 4

*Galago Galago sp. - 121
*Thick-tailed Bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus [now Otolemur crassicaudatus] - 29
*Demidoff's Galago Galago demidovii - 47
*Senegal Galago Galago senegalensis - 92
*Slender Loris Loris tardigradus - 10
*Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang - 62
*Potto Perodicticus potto - 20

*Tarsier Tarsius sp. - 1

*Howler Monkey Alouatta sp. - 13
*Red Howler Monkey Alouatta seniculus - 16
*Mantled Howler Monkey Alouatta villosa [synonym of Alouatta pigra] -101
*Douroucouli / Night Monkey / Owl Monkey Aotus trivirgatus - 4087
*Spider Monkey Ateles sp. - 280
*Long-haired Spider Monkey Ateles belzebuth - 142
*Brown-headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps - 34
*Black-handed Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi - 1105
*Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus - 712
*Woolly Spider Monkey Brachyteles arachnoides - 1
*Black-headed Uakari Cacajao melanocephalus - 4
*Red Uakari Cacajao rubicundus - 127
*Titi Monkey Callicebus sp. - 141
*Dusky Titi Monkey Callicebus moloch - 51
*Capuchin Cebus sp. - 106
*White-fronted Capuchin Cebus albifrons - 4913
*Black-capped Capuchin Cebus apella - 784
*White-throated Capuchin / Black and White Capuchin Cebus capucinus - 1768
*Weeper Capuchin Cebus nigrovittatus [synonym of Cebus olivacea] - 106
*Black Saki Chiropotes satanus - 4
*Humboldt's Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha - 2902
*Monk Saki Pithecia monachus - 162
*Pale-headed Saki Pithecia pithecia - 10
*Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus - 45,014

*Goeldi's Marmoset Callimico goeldii - 83
*Marmoset Callithrix sp. - 22
*White-eared Marmoset [Buffy-tufted Marmoset] Callithrix aurita - 31
*Black-tailed Marmoset [Silvery Marmoset] Callithrix argentata / Mico argentata - 57
*Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus - 125
*Pygmy Marmoset Cebuella pygmaea - 197
*Golden Lion Tamarin / Golden Lion Marmoset Leontideus rosalia / Leontocebus rosalia [synonyms of Leontopithecus rosalia] - 50
*Tamarin Saguinus sp. - 89
*Rio Napo Tamarin [Graells' Tamarin] Saguinus graellsi [now treated as a subspecies of S. nigricollis] - 3
*Red-mantled Tamarin Saguinus illigeri [now treated as a subspecies of S.fuscicollis] - 289
*Red-bellied Tamarin [White-lipped Tamarin] Saguinus labiatus - 92
*White-footed Tamarin Saguinus leucopus - 33
*Black and Red Tamarin [Black-mantled Tamarin] Saguinus nigricollis - 3519
*Cotton-top Tamarin / Pinche / Cotton-top Marmoset Saguinus oedipus / Oedipomidae oedipus [sic for the latter scientific name quoted] - 3098

*Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus atys - 1
*Grivet / Vervet / Green Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops [now Chlorocebus aethiops] - 6352
*Redtail Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius - 1
*Moustached Monkey Cercopithecus cephus - 4
*Diana Monkey Cercopithecus diana - 24
*Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis - 12
*Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona - 29
*De Brazza's Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus - 23
*Spot-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus nictitans - 2
*Talapoin Monkey Cercopithecus talapoin / Miopithecus talapoin - 108
*Abyssinian Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza - 8
*King Colobus Monkey Colobus polykomos - 9
*Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas - 87
*Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides - 1043
*Formosan Rock Macaque [Taiwan Macaque] Macaca cyclopis - 35
*Crab-eating Macaque Macaca fascicularis - 2137
*Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata - 23
*Celebes Macaque [Moor Macaque] Macaca maura / Cynopithecus maurus - 6
*Rhesus Monkey / Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta - 30,933
*Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina - 572
*Celebes Black Ape [Crested Black Macaque] Macaca nigra / Cynopithecus niger - 41
*Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus - 9
*Barbary Ape Macaca sylvana - 1
*Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus - 6
*Olive Baboon Papio anubis - 459
*Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus - 36
*Sacred Baboon [Hamadryas Baboon] Papio hamadryas - 159
*Drill Papio leucophaeus / Mandrillus leucophaeus - 3
*Guinea Baboon Papio papio - 91
*Mandrill Papio sphinx / Mandrillus sphinx - 10
*Silvered Leaf Monkey Presbytis cristatus [now Trachypithecus cristatus] - 2
*Hanuman Langur Presbytis entellus [now Semnopithecus entellus] - 3
*Banded Leaf Monkey Presbytis melalophos - 1
[Note: in current taxonomy, the Banded Leaf Monkey is Presbytis femoralis while the name Presbytis melalophos belongs to the Mitred Leaf Monkey of Sumatra, but the taxonomy of the genus Presbytis has been changed constantly. P. femoralis has been treated as a subspecies of P. melalophos in the past, but without a country of origin for this record it is impossible to say which species it would have actually been.]
*Douc Langur Pygathris nemaeus [at this time treated as a single species] - 12
*Gelada Monkey / Gelada Baboon Theropithecus gelada - 378

*Dark-handed [Agile] Gibbon Hylobates agilis - 15
*Black [Concolor] Gibbon Hylobates concolor [now Nomascus concolor, and also now split into multiple species] - 29
*White-handed [Lar] Gibbon Hylobates lar - 86
*Silvery Gibbon Hylobates moloch - 1
*Siamang Hylobates syndactylus / Symphalangus syndactylus - 30

*Gorilla Gorilla gorilla - 13
*Chimpanzee Chimpansee troglodytes / Pan troglodytes - 255
*Orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus - 1


EDENTATES

*Anteater [no scientific name given] - 23
*Silky Anteater / Toed-toed Anteater Cyclopes didactylus - 12
*Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla / Myrmecophaga jubata - 127
*Collared Anteater [Tamandua] Tamandua tetradactyla - 265
[Note: the lists from later years show the countries of origin for imported animals. In the case of Tamanduas they were being imported from various countries in Central and South America, from the ranges of both the Northern Tamandua Tamandua mexicana and Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Until 1975 the two species were considered conspecific.]

*Sloth [no scientific name given] - 14
*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus sp. - 30
*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus tridactylus - 2
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus didactylus - 61
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus hoffmanni - 26

*Armadillo [no scientific name given] - 17
*Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus - 16
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus - 2
*Six-banded Armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus / Dasypus encoubert - 8
[Note: the latter scientific name (Dasypus encoubert) was in use in the 1800s, so I'm not sure why they included it as a current synonym here.]
*[Southern] Three-banded Armadillo Tolypeutes matacus - 2


PANGOLINS

*Pangolin Manis sp. - 2
*Long-tailed Pangolin / Asiatic Pangolin Manis longicaudata - 1
[Note: Manis longicaudata is a synonym of Phataginus tetradactyla (the African Black-bellied Pangolin).]
*Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla - 2
*African Tree Pangolin Manis tricuspis [now Phataginus tricuspis] - 3


LAGOMORPHS

*Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus - 5831
[Note: I'm at a loss to explain the numbers of Snowshoe Hares being imported alive into the USA. In the 1920s and 1930s tens of thousands of hares were being released to stock new areas for hunting, but they were sourced from within the USA. Lesser numbers were being released into at least the 1950s but, again, they were being sourced from within the country and not being imported]
*European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus - 27
[Note: these would presumably have been domestic rabbits]


RODENTS

*Squirrels [no scientific name given] - 35
*Red-cheeked Squirrel Dremomys rufigenis - 4
*Beautiful Squirrel / Tricolored Squirrel Callosciurus sp. - 3
[Note: "Beautiful Squirrel" is a direct translation of the scientific name Callosciurus, and "Tricolored Squirrel" is a common name for Prevost's Squirrel Callosciurus prevostii]
*Golden-backed Squirrel [Grey-bellied Squirrel] Callosciurus caniceps - 8
*Finlayson's Squirrel Callosciurus finlaysoni - 6
*Sumatran Giant Squirrel [Prevost's Squirrel] Callosciurus prevosti - 5
*Indian Giant Squirrel / Malabar Squirrel Ratufa indica - 41
*Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis - 40
*Tropical Red Squirrel Sciurus granatensis - 364
*Variegated Squirrel / Silver Squirrel Sciurus variegatoides - 31
*Rock Squirrel Spermophilus variegatus / Citellus variegatus - 3
*Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus sp. - 7

*Merriam's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys merriami - 1
*Ord's Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys ordii - 1
*Banner-tailed Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys spectabilis - 1
*Pocket Mouse Perognathus sp. - 20
*Silky Pocket Mouse Perognathus flavus - 1
*Rock Pocket Mouse Perognathus intermedius - 15

*Aquatic Rat [Fish-eating or Crab-eating Rat] Ichthyomys stolzmanni - 1
*Golden Hamster Mesocricetus auratus - 3
*Wood Rat Neotoma sp. - 29
*Southern Grasshopper Mouse Onychomys torridus - 5
*White-footed Mouse / Deer Mouse Peromyscus sp. - 8
*Michoacan Deer Mouse Peromyscus banderanus [now Osgoodomys banderanus] - 3
*Canyon Mouse Peromyscus crinitus - 1
*Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus - 18
*Fulvous Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys fulvescens - 10
*Western Harvest Mouse Reithrodontomys megalotis - 10
*Allen's Cotton Rat Sigmodon alleni - 1
*Hispid Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus - 12
*Yellow-nosed Cotton Rat Sigmodon ochrognathus - 32

*House Mouse Mus musculus - 154
*Pacific Rat / Little Burmese Rat Rattus exulans - 135
*Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus - 94
*Black Rat Rattus rattus - 17

*[African] Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus - 8
*Old World Porcupine Hystrix sp. - 1
*[African] Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata - 5

*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou sp. - 1
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou prehensilis - 16
[Note: in the later lists it was noted that this scientific name was applied as a "catchall" name, regardless of the actual species involved]

*Guinea Pig Cavia porcellus - 990

*Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris - 164

*False Paca [Pacarana] Dinomys branickii - 11

*[Lowland] Paca Agouti paca / Cuniculus paca - 98
*[Mountain] Paca Agouti taczanowskii [synonym of Cuniculus taczanowskii] - 2
*Agouti Dasyprocta sp. - 46
*[Red-rumped / Brazilian] Agouti Dasyprocta aguti [synonym for D. leporina] - 14
*[Black] Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa - 152
*Acushi [Acuchi / Acouchi] Myoprocta sp. - 6

*Chinchilla Chinchilla laniger - 2
*Mountain Viscacha Lagidium viscacia - 10


CETACEANS

*Large Whales [no scientific name given] - 40
[I suspect this is the result of an error in the declaration form]

*White Whale [Beluga] Delphinapterus leucas - 2

*Amazon Dolphin Inia geoffrensis - 7

*Killer Whale Orcinus orca - 2
*Porpoise Phocoena sp. - 2
*Atlantic Harbor Porpoise Phocoena phocoena / Phocoena communis - 11
*Gill's Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops gillii [now Tursiops truncatus gillii] - 2


CARNIVORA

*Coyote Canis latrans - 1
*[Grey] Wolf Canis lupus - 3
*Savanna Fox [Crab-eating Fox] Cerdocyon thous - 2
*Maned Wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus - 5
*Fennec Fox Fennecus zerda [now Vulpes zerda] - 2
*African Hunting Dog Lycaon pictus - 1
*Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides - 1
*Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus - 2
*Red Fox Vulpes vulpes / Canis himalaicus - 2
*Fox [no scientific name given] - 2

*Bear [no scientific name given] - 4
*Malayan Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus - 7
*Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus - 8
*Asiatic Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus / Ursus thibetanus - 23
*Polar Bear Thalarctos maritimus [synonym of Ursus maritimus] - 4
*Spectacled Bear Tremarctos ornatus - 1
*[American] Black Bear Ursus americanus - 18
*Brown Bear Ursus arctos - 2

*Lesser Panda / Red Panda Ailurus fulgens - 20
*Olingo Bassaricyon sp. - 2
*Coati / Coatimundi Nasua narica - 1107
[Note: in the 1969 list all Coatis were listed as Nasua nasua (the Brown-nosed or South American Coati). Later lists, which include the countries of origin, show that they were being imported from the range countries of both species.]
*Kinkajou Potos flavus - 542
*Racoon [Common Raccoon] Procyon lotor - 181

*Oriental Small-clawed Otter Amblonyx cinerea - 45
*African Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis - 15
*Hog-nosed Skunk Conepatus sp. - 2
*Tayra Eira barbara - 134
*Grison Galictis sp. - 24
*Grison Galictis vittata - 3
*Wolverine Gulo luscus [the North American subspecies of Wolverine, Gulo gulo luscus] - 3
*Otter Lutra sp. - 19
*[North American] River Otter Lutra canadensis [now Lontra canadensis] - 13
*Common Otter [Eurasian Otter] Lutra lutra / Lutra vulgaris - 17
*Smooth-coated Indian Otter Lutra perspicillata - 9
*Fisher Martes pennanti - 7
*Old World Badger Meles meles - 2
*Burmese Ferret Badger Melogale personata - 1
*Striped Skunk Mephitis sp. - 1
*Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis - 1
*Ermine / Stoat Mustela erminea - 2
*European Mink Mustela lutreola - 36
*European Polecat Mustela putorius - 2
*[American] Mink Mustela vison [now Neovison vison] - 89
*African Small-clawed Otter [Congo Clawless Otter] Paraonyx congica - 4
[Note: now called Aonyx congicus, which may also be treated as a subspecies of the African Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis]
*African Small-clawed Otter Paraonyx microdon - 6
[Note: now treated as a subspecies of Aonyx congicus, or of Aonyx capensis if those two species are lumped.]
*Giant Otter / Flat-tailed Otter Pteronura brasiliensis - 1

*Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata - 2
*Genet Genetta sp. - 2
*Dwarf Mongoose Helogale parvula - 2
*Common Palm Civet / Toddy Cat Paradoxurus hermaphroditus - 3
*Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang - 2

*Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena - 2

[Note: for the Felidae I have simply retained the genera used on the list rather than annotating each species]
*Cheetah Acinonys jubatus - 78
*Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis - 97
*Jungle Cat Felis chaus - 11
*Pampas Cat Felis colocolo / Felis pajeros - 6
*Mountain Lion / Puma / Cougar / Panther Felis concolor - 27
*Geoffroy's Cat Felis geoffroyi - 6
*Marbled Cat Felis marmorata - 2
*Jaguar Felis onca - 11
*Ocelot Felis pardalis - 635
*Serval Felis serval / Leptailurus serval - 5
*European Wild Cat Felis silvestris - 4
*[Asiatic] Golden Cat Felis temmincki - 2
*Fishing Cat Felis viverrina - 8
*Margay Felis wiedii / Felis macroura - 72
*Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi / Herpailurus yagouaroundi - 133
*Caracal Lynx caracal - 4
*[Canadian] Lynx Lynx canadensis - 1
*European Lynx Lynx lynx - 2
*Bobcat Lynx rufus - 9
*Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa - 15
*[No common name given] Leo sp. / Panthera sp. - 1
*Lion Leo leo / Panthera leo / Felis leo - 10
*Leopard Leo pardus / Panthera pardus / Felis pardus - 6
*Leopard Kittens [no scientific name given] - 10
*Tiger Leo tigris / Panthera tigris - 3
*Snow Leopard / Ounce Uncia uncia / Panthera uncia / Felis uncia - 6


PINNIPEDS

*Walrus Odobenus rosmarus - 4

*[Northern] Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris - 6


ELEPHANTS

*Indian Elephant Elephas maximus / Elephas indicus - 25
*African Elephant Loxodonta africana - 2

HYRAXES

*Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis - 11
*Rock Hyrax / Rock Dassie Procavia capensis - 2


SIRENIANS

*[West Indian] Manatee Trichechus manatus - 3


PERISSODACTYLS

*Burchell's Zebra Equus burchellii - 15
*Zebra Equus sp. - 2
*Zebra-Horse Hybrid [no scientific name given] - 2

*Baird's Tapir Tapirus bairdii - 2
*Mountain Tapir / Woolly Tapir Tapirus pinchaque - 9
*Brazilian Tapir Tapirus terrestris -62

*Indian Rhinoceros / Great One-horned Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis - 1


ARTIODACTYLS

*Pigmy Hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis - 2
*[Common] Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius - 2

*Bactrian Camel / Two-humped Camel Camelus bactrianus - 3
*Alpaca Lama pacos - 14
*Llama Lama peruana [synonym of Lama glama] - 2

*Wapiti / Elk Cervus elaphus / Cervus canadensis - 1
*Black-tailed Deer / Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus / Dama hemionus - 22
*White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginiana / Dama virginiana - 5
*Brocket Deer Mazama americana - 4
*Caribou / Reindeer Rangifer tarandus - 2

*Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis - 10

*Uganda Kob Adenota kob / Cobus thomasi [now Kobus kob thomasi] - 2
*European Bison / Wisent Bison bonasus - 1
*Zebu / Brahma Bos indicus - 1
*Markhor Capra falconeri - 4
*Siberian Ibex Capra ibex - 3
*Peter's Duiker Cephalophus callipygus - 4
*Bay Duiker Cephalophus dorsalis - 15
*Jentink's Duiker Cephalophus jentinki - 2
*Maxwell's Duiker Cephalophus maxwellii / Philantomba maxwellii - 5
*Black Duiker Cephalophus niger - 2
*Red Duiker / Natal Duiker Cephalophus natalensis - 3
*Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus silvicultor - 4
*Zebra Antelope / Zebra Duiker / Banded Duiker Cephalophus zebra - 2
*Brindled Gnu / Blue Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus - 3
*Bontebok Damaliscus pygargus - 1
*Grant's Gazelle Gazella granti - 3
*Thomson's Gazelle Gazella thomsonii - 4
*Waterbuck Kobus ellipsyprymnus - 3
*Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus - 5
*Scimitar Oryx Oryx algazel [now Oryx dammah] - 3
*Sheep Ovis aries - 3
*Mouflon Ovis musimon [now Ovis orientalis] - 7
*Kirk's Dik-dik Rhynchotragus kirkii [synonym of Madoqua kirkii] - 2
*Saiga Saiga tatarica - 5
*West African Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus - 5
*Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros - 1


UNKNOWN
- 487 records
["A total of 487 (0.4%) of the mammals declared could not be identified either by common name or scientific name. For example, recorded on the declaration forms were 11 cages containing 11 mammals, 8 cages said to contain 24 mammals, 1 ape recorded as Apa, and 1 fox designated as Foxius. Also of interest were some bobcats listed as Bobolink sp."]

 

[Chlidonias]

MAMMALS IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1969
(Compiled by Clyde Jones and John. L. Paradiso)


The report can be viewed on the website of the Hathi Trust Digital Library, here: Mammals imported into the United States. 1969 (r:147).

And also here: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1539&context=usfwspubs


In the year 1969 at least 338 mammal species were imported into the USA, with 122,991 individual mammals in total. Of the species listed on import declarations, 477 individual mammals could not be identified at all by the list compilers from the names used on the forms (they lumped them all at the end of the list as "unknown"). A number of species could also not be identified further than a general name (e.g. "squirrels").

I have retained the common and scientific names as used in the document. Obviously there have been many nomenclatural changes in the last fifty years. The number given after the species name is how many individuals were recorded as being declared for importation during this year.

Any comments of my own are in brackets - these are usually providing the more common current name for clarity, or to explain certain listings further.


MONOTREMES

*Spiny Anteater [Short-beaked Echidna] Tachyglossus aculeatus - 6


MARSUPIALS

*Woolly Opossum Caluromys sp. - 8
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys derbianus - 1
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys lanatus - 163
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys philander - 2
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa sp. - 787
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa robinsoni - 161
*Brown Four-eyed Opossum Metachirus rudicaudatus [typo for nudicaudatus]- 43
*Gray Four-eyed Opossum Philander opossum - 8

*Broad-footed Marsupial "Mouse" Antechinomys spenceri - 3
[Note: the above species is the Kultarr A. laniger - at this time the central/western subspecies spenceri was treated as a full species]
*Crested-tailed Marsupial "Rat" [Kowari] Dasyuroides byrnei - 8

*Pigmy Gliding Opossum [Feathertail Glider] Acrobates pygmaeus - 817
*Cuscus Phalanger sp. - 12
*[Spotted] Cuscus Phalanger maculatus - 17
*Brush-tailed Opossum Trichosurus sp. - 12

*Coarse-haired Wombat Phascolomis ursinus - 2
[Note: this is the Common Wombat, now Vombatus ursinus]

*[Goodfellow's] Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus goodfellowi - 2
*[Matschie's] Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus matschiei - 1
*[Ursine/Black] Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus ursinus - 3
*New Guinean Forest Mountain Wallaby Dorcopsulus macleayi - 2
*Hare Wallaby Lagorchestes sp. - 15
*Kangaroo Macropus sp. - 8
*Great Gray Kangaroo Macropus major [now M. giganteus] - 3
*Wallaroo Macropus robustus - 2
*Rock Wallaby Petrogale sp. - 2
*[Brush-tailed] Rock Wallaby Petrogale penicillata - 5
*Brush Wallaby Wallabia sp. [probably Macropus sp.] - 24
*Brush Wallaby Wallabia dorsalis [Black-striped Wallaby Macropus dorsalis] - 2
*Brush Wallaby Wallabia eugenii [Tammar or Dama Wallaby Macropus eugenii] - 17
*Red-necked Wallaby Wallabia rufogrisea [now Macropus rufogriseus] - 1


INSECTIVORES
[Note: at the time Insectivora was a bit of a dumping ground for oddball mammals - here I have retained their grouping which includes hedgehogs, solenodons, shrews, and tree shrews]

*Hedgehog Erinaceus sp. - 14
*[European] Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus - 128
*Long-eared Desert Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritis [typo for auritus] - 77
*Long-eared Desert Hedgehog Hemiechinus megalotis [now treated as a subspecies of H. auritus] - 20
*Desert Hedgehog Paraechinus sp. - 12

*[Hispaniolan / Haitian] Solenodon Solenodon paradoxus - 4

*Musk Shrew Suncus murinus - 5

*[Common] Tree Shrew Tupaia glis - 498
[Note: all the years showed large numbers of tree shrews being imported, so they were probably all destined for research labs. The lists in later years gave the countries of origin for imported mammals. In the case of this species, most were imported from Thailand which would make them Belanger's Tree Shrews Tupaia belangeri, which at the time was treated as a subspecies of Tupaia glis. Lesser numbers were also being imported from Malaysia, which would have been the "true" Tupaia glis.]


COLUGOS

*Gliding Lemur [Colugo] Cynocephalus sp. - 2
*Gliding Lemur [Colugo] Cynocephalus variegatus - 2


BATS

*Fisherman Bat [Greater Bulldog Bat] Noctilio leporinus - 43

*[Greater] Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum - 4

*Big Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus - 8
*Tri-colored- Short-tailed Fruit Bat Carollia perspicillata - 28
*Sanborn's Long-nosed Bat Leptonycteris sanborni [synonym of L. yerbabuenae] - 20
*Lesser Spear-nosed Bat Phyllostomus discolor - 50
*Greater Spear-nosed Bat Phyllostomus hastatus - 114
*Yellow-shouldered Bat Sturnira lilium - 12
*Round-eared Bat Tonatia bidens - 1
*White-lined Bat Vampyrops lineatus [now Platyrrhinus lineatus] - 4
*Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus - 100

*Cave Myotis Myotis velifer - 5

*Free-tailed Bat Tadarida brasiliensis - 20
*Velvety Free-tailed Bat Molossus nigricans - 19


PRIMATES
[The taxonomy of Primates has changed massively since the 1960s/70s. A lot of the species listed below have been split into multiple species since then and it would be impossible from a basic list to state which taxa they really were. Also in the later lists, which provided the countries of origin, it was noted that - especially for the New World Primates - names were often applied incorrectly.]

[On page 27 of the document there is an interesting set of tables regarding Primate numbers used in research in 1969 versus numbers imported that year. It notes that there are discrepancies between the numbers of Primates recorded as being imported and the numbers reported as being bought by research facilities. The species listed below with very high import numbers were mostly destined for research labs. Species with very low import numbers would be mostly zoo imports. Of the mammals imported into the USA during 1969, Primates made up almost 89% of total individuals recorded (out of 122,991 mammals in total, 108,974 of them were Primates).]

*Dwarf Lemur Cheirogaleus medius - 3
*Lemur Lemur sp. - 2
*Ring-tailed Lemur Lemur catta - 60
*Black Lemur Lemur macaco [now Eulemur macaco] - 4
*Mongoose Lemur Lemur mongoz [now Eulemur mongoz] - 2
*Weasel Lemur [Sportive Lemur] Lepilemur mustelinus - 1
*Mouse Lemur Microcebus sp. - 2
*Mouse Lemur Microcebus murinus - 5
*Verreaux's Sifaka Propithecus verreauxi - 7

*Galago Galago sp. - 71
*Demidoff's Galago Galago demidovii - 2
*Senegal Galago Galago senegalensis - 109
*Slender Loris Loris tardigradus - 12
*Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang - 72
*Potto Perodicticus potto - 3

*Howler Monkey Alouatta sp. - 36
*Red Howler Monkey Alouatta seniculus - 12
*Mantled Howler Monkey Alouatta villosa [synonym of Alouatta pigra] - 93
*Douroucouli Aotus trivirgatus - 5312
*Spider Monkey Ateles sp. - 77
*Long-haired Spider Monkey Ateles belzebuth - 31
*Brown-headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps - 19
*Black-handed Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi - 1548
*Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus - 984
*Woolly Spider Monkey Brachyteles arachnoides - 38
*Red Uakari Cacajao rubicundus - 69
*Titi Monkey Callicebus sp. - 116
*Dusky Titi Monkey Callicebus moloch - 43
*Capuchin Cebus sp. - 99
*White-fronted Capuchin Cebus albifrons - 4743
*Black-capped Capuchin Cebus apella - 1024
*White-throated Capuchin Cebus capucinus - 1574
*Weeper Capuchin Cebus nigrovittatus [synonym of Cebus olivacea] - 78
*Red-backed Saki Chiropotes satanus - 6
*Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha - 3311
*Monk Saki Pithecia monachus - 24
*Pale-headed Saki Pithecia pithecia - 2
*Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus - 47,096

*Goeldi's Marmoset Callimico goeldii - 43
*Marmoset Callithrix sp. - 1
*Black-tailed Marmoset [Silvery Marmoset] Callithrix argentata - 40
*White-eared Marmoset [Buffy-tufted Marmoset] Callithrix aurita - 46
*Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus - 52
*Pigmy Marmoset Cebuella pygmaea - 639
*Lion-headed Marmoset [Golden Lion Tamarin] Leontideus rosalia [synonym of Leontopithecus rosalia] - 149
*Geoffroy's Tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi - 6
*Rio Napo Tamarin [Graells' Tamarin] Saguinus graellsi [now treated as a subspecies of S. nigricollis] - 6
*Red-mantled Tamarin Saguinus illigeri [now treated as a subspecies of S.fuscicollis] - 197
*Red-bellied Tamarin [White-lipped Tamarin] Saguinus labiatus - 9
*Yellow-handed Tamarin Saguinus midas - 1
*White-lipped Tamarin [Black-mantled Tamarin] Saguinus nigricollis - 1564
*Cotton-top Marmoset [Cottontop Tamarin] Saguinus oedipus - 3752
*Negro Marmoset Saguinus tamarin [erroneous synonym for the Black Tamarin S. niger] - 32

*Mangabey Cercocebus sp. - 3
*Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus [the Sooty Mangabey C. atys was formerly treated as a subspecies of the Red-capped Mangabey C. torquatus] - 9
*Grivet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops [now Chlorocebus aethiops] - 2951
*Moustached Monkey Cercopithecus cephus - 4
*Diana Monkey Cercopithecus diana - 11
*Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis - 5
*Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona - 12
*Spot-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus nictitans - 5
*De Brazza's Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus - 9
*Vervet Monkey Cercopithecus pygerythrus [now Chlorocebus pygerythrus] - 30
*Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza - 23
*Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas - 132
*Macaque Macaca sp. - 49
*Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides - 1721
*Crab-eating Macaque Macaca fascicularis - 1188
*Japanese Macaque Macaca fuscata - 12
*Celebes Macaque [Moor Macaque] Macaca maura - 5
*Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta - 27,462
*Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina - 479
*Celebes Black Ape [Crested Black Macaque] Macaca nigra - 101
*Bonnet Monkey Macaca radiata - 51
*Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus - 4
*Barbary Ape Macaca sylvana - 13
*Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus - 4
*Baboon Papio sp. - 142
*Olive Baboon Papio anubis - 189
*Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus - 20
*Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas - 23
*Drill Papio leucophaeus [now Mandrillus leucophaeus] - 5
*Guinea Baboon Papio papio - 74
*Langur Presbytis sp. [probably more likely to be either a Semnopithecus or Trachypithecus species] - 5
*Hanuman Langur Presbytis entellus [now Semnopithecus entellus] - 3
*Dusky Langur Presbytis obscurus [now Trachypithecus obscurus] - 2
*Capped Langur Presbytis pileatus [now Trachypithecus pileatus] - 2
*Phayre's Langur Presbytis phayrei [now Trachypithecus phayrei] - 4
*Douc Langur Pygathris nemaeus [at this time treated as a single species] - 3
*Gelada Baboon Theropithecus gelada - 552

*Dark-handed [Agile] Gibbon Hylobates agilis - 18
*Black [Concolor] Gibbon Hylobates concolor [now Nomascus concolor, and also now split into multiple species] - 34
*White-handed [Lar] Gibbon Hylobates lar - 51
*Siamang Gibbon Hylobates syndactylus [now Symphalangus syndactylus] - 34

*Chimpanzee Chimpansee troglodytes [now Pan troglodytes] - 292
*Gorilla Gorilla gorilla - 2


EDENTATES

*Silky Anteater Cyclopes didactylus - 35
*Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla - 38
*Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla - 452
[Note: the lists from later years show the countries of origin for imported animals. In the case of Tamanduas they were being imported from various countries in Central and South America, from the ranges of both the Northern Tamandua Tamandua mexicana and Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Until 1975 the two species were considered conspecific.]

*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus sp. - 88
*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus tridactylus - 5
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus didactylus - 71
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus hoffmanni - 29

*Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus - 13
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus sp. - 2
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus - 11
*Six-banded Armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus - 9
*Three-banded Armadillo Tolypeutes tricinctus - 1
[Note: T. tricinctus is the Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo. In the 1968 list the Three-banded Armadillo is listed as T. matacus (the Southern Three-banded Armadillo) and the later lists, which include countries of origin for the imported mammals, show the individuals in those years to be from range countries of T. matacus. So this record is likely to also be T. matacus.]


PANGOLINS

*Pangolin Manis sp. - 12
*Malayan Pangolin Manis javanica - 11
*Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla - 1


LAGOMORPHS

*Hare Lepus sp. [Probably Snowshoe Hares, given the numbers recorded below] - 43
*Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus - 1155
[Note: I'm at a loss to explain the numbers of Snowshoe Hares being imported alive into the USA. In the 1920s and 1930s tens of thousands of hares were being released to stock new areas for hunting, but they were sourced from within the USA. Lesser numbers were being released into at least the 1950s but, again, they were being sourced from within the country and not being imported]
*Old World Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus - 808
[Note: these would presumably have been domestic rabbits]


RODENTS

*Golden-backed Squirrel [Grey-bellied Squirrel] Callosciurus caniceps - 3
*Sumatran Giant Squirrel [Prevost's Squirrel] Callosciurus prevosti - 8
*New World Flying Squirrel Glaucomys volans - 2
*Bornean Squirrel [Red-bellied Sculptor Squirrel] Glyphotes simus - 19
*Neotropical Dwarf Squirrel Microsciurus sp. - 1
*Oriental Pigmy Squirrel [Black-eared Pigmy Squirrel] Nannosciurus melanotis - 3
*Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista sp. - 1
*Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista grandis [now treated as a subspecies of P. philippensis] - 3
*Dwarf Flying Squirrel Petinomys sp. - 1
*Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica - 13
*Tree Squirrel Sciurus sp. - 170
*Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis - 15
*Tropical Red Squirrel Sciurus granatensis - 202
*Variegated Squirrel Sciurus variegatoides - 15
*Common Old World Squirrel [Eurasian Red Squirrel] Sciurus vulgaris - 21
*Asiatic Striped Squirrel Tamiops sp. - 2

*Pocket Mouse Perognathus sp. - 2

*African Jumping Hare [Springhaas] Pedetes capensis - 6

*Fish-eating Rat Ichthyomys stolzmanni - 5
*White-throated Wood Rat Neotoma albigula - 6
*Cactus Mouse Peromyscus eremicus - 3
*Diurnal Sand Rat [Fat Sand Rat] Psammomys obesus - 150

*Spiny Mouse Acomys cahirinus - 25
*House Mouse Mus musculus - 235
*Pacific Rat Rattus exulans - 78
*Black Rat Rattus rattus - 49

*[African] Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus africanus - 1
*[Asian] Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus - 7
*Old World Porcupine Hystrix sp. - 5
*Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyurum [typo for brachyura] - 3
*[African] Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata - 7
*African Porcupine Hystrix galeata [synonym of Hystrix cristata] - 1

*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou sp. - 35
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou prehensilis - 56
[Note: in the later lists it was noted that this scientific name was used as a "catchall" name regardless of the actual species involved.]

*Guinea Pig Cavia sp. - 110
*Guinea Pig Cavia porcellus - 633
*Mara Dolichotus patagona [typo for patagonum] - 8

*Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris - 169

*Pacarana Dinomys branickii - 5

*[Lowland] Paca Agouti paca [synonym of Cuniculus paca] - 56
*Agouti Dasyprocta sp. - 30
*[Red-rumped / Brazilian] Agouti Dasyprocta aguti [synonym for D. leporina] - 39
*[Black] Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa - 87
*Acushi [Acuchi / Acouchi] Myoprocta sp. - 6

*Mountain Viscacha Lagidium viscacia - 19

*Nutria Myocastor coypu [typo for coypus] - 2
*Hispaniolan Hutia Plagiodontia aedium - 15


CETACEANS

*Rorqual Balaenoptera sp. - 3
[I suspect this is the result of an error in the declaration form]

*Narwhal Monodon monoceros - 1

*Killer Whale Orcinus orca - 2
*Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops gillii [now Tursiops truncatus gillii] - 7

*Common Porpoise Phocoena phocoena - 1


CARNIVORA

*Wild Dog Canis sp. - 2
*Gray Wolf Canis lupus - 9
*Maned Wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus - 5
*African Hunting Dog Lycaon pictus - 2
*Raccoon Dog Nyctereutes procyonoides - 3
*Gray Fox Urocyon sp. - 1
*Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus - 2
*Red Fox Vulpes vulpes - 1

*Malayan Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus - 20
*Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus - 21
*Asiatic Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus - 24
*Spectacled Bear Tremarctos ornatus - 1
*American Black Bear Ursus americanus - 16
*Brown Bear Ursus arctos - 13
*Polar Bear Ursus maritimus - 7

*Lesser Panda [Red Panda] Ailurus fulgens - 11
*Olingo Bassaricyon sp. - 4
*[Brown-nosed or South American] Coati Nasua nasua - 832
[Note: in the 1968 list all Coatis were listed as Nasua narica (the White-nosed Coati). Later lists, which include the countries of origin, show that they were being imported from the range countries of both species.]
*Kinkajou Potos flavus - 607
*[Common] Raccoon Procyon lotor - 1184
[Note: the extraordinary numbers of Common Raccoons Procyon lotor apparently being imported into the USA was explained in the lists from later years, where it was noted that Crab-eating Raccoons Procyon cancrivorus were being imported under this name]

*Oriental Small-clawed Otter Amblonyx cinerea - 89
*African Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis - 14
*Tayra Eira barbara - 154
*Grison Galictis vittata - 12
*Wolverine Gulo gulo - 1
*Otter Lutra sp. - 37
*Southern River Otter Lutra annectens [now Lontra longicaudis annectens] - 5
*[North American] River Otter Lutra canadensis [now Lontra canadensis] - 10
*Old World River Otter [Eurasian Otter] Lutra lutra - 47
*Smooth-coated Indian Otter Lutra perspicillata - 15
*Fisher Martes pennanti - 92
*Weasel Mustela sp. - 2
*[American] Mink Mustela vison [now Neovison vison] - 34
*Giant Otter Pteronura brasiliensis - 3

*Binturong Arctictis binturong - 7
*Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogalidia trivirgata - 8
*[Common] Genet Genetta genetta - 2
*Banded Palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus - 2
*Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus - 2
*Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang - 5
*Suricate [Meerkat] Suricata suricatta - 4
*Lesser Oriental Civet Viverricula indica - 6

*Brown Hyaena Hyaena brunnea - 2

[Note: for the Felidae I have simply retained the genera used on the list rather than annotating each species]
*Cheetah Acinonys jubatus - 46
*Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis - 338
*Jungle Cat Felis chaus - 35
*Pampas Cat Felis colocolo - 24
*Puma Felis concolor - 21
*Geoffroy's Cat Felis geoffroyi - 9
*Marbled Cat Felis marmorata - 2
*Jaguar Felis onca - 26
*Ocelot Felis pardalis - 552
*European Wild Cat Felis catus - 1
*Fishing Cat Felis viverrina - 17
*Margay Felis wiedii - 49
*Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi - 133
*Caracal Lynx caracal - 4
*European Lynx Lynx lynx - 2
*Bobcat Lynx rufus - 10
*Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa - 2
*Leopard Leo pardus - 9
*Tiger Leo tigris - 8
*Snow Leopard Uncia uncia - 4


PINNIPEDS

*[Northern] Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris - 4
*Harp Seal Phoca groendlandicus [now Pagophilus groendlandicus] - 8
*Siberian [Baikal] Seal Phoca sibirica [now Pusa sibirica] - 4
*Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina - 2


AARDVARKS

*Aardvark Orycteropus afer - 6


ELEPHANTS

*Indian Elephant Elephas maximus - 20


HYRAXES

*Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax sp. - 10
*Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis - 5
*Rock Hyrax Heterohyrax syriacus [synonym of Heterohyrax brucei] - 1
*Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis - 2


SIRENIANS

*[West Indian] Manatee Trichechus manatus - 3


PERISSODACTYLS

*Zebra Equus sp. - 7
*Burchell's Zebra Equus burchellii - 57

*Baird's Tapir Tapirus bairdii - 6
*Brazilian Tapir Tapirus terrestris -96

*White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum - 1
*African Black Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis - 1
*Indian Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis - 1


ARTIODACTYLS

*[Common] Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius - 2

*Dromedary Camel Camelus dromedarius - 31
*Alpaca Lama pacos - 2

*Eld Deer Cervus eldi - 3
*Sika Deer Cervus nippon - 4
*Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor - 4
*Pere David's Deer Elaphurus davidianus - 4

*Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis - 14

*Pronghorn Antilocapra americana - 3

*Addax Addax nasomaculatus - 1
*Dibatag Ammodorcas clarki [typo for clarkei] - 2
*Bongo Boocercus eurycerus [synonym of Tragelaphus eurycerus] - 2
*Goat Capra sp. - 2
*Ibex Capra ibex - 6
*Duiker Cephalophus sp. - 14
*Bay Duiker Cephalophus dorsalis - 4
*Jentink's Duiker Cephalophus jentinki - 8
*Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus silvicultor - 2
*Brindled Gnu Connochaetes taurinus - 5
*Bontebok Damaliscus pygargus - 6
*Gazelle Gazella sp. - 9
*Thomson's Gazelle Gazella thomsonii - 7
*Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus - 1
*Waterbuck Kobus sp. - 2
*Dik-dik Madoqua sp. - 1
*Dik-dik Madoqua kirkii - 15
*Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus - 5
*Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus - 14
*Scimitar-horned Oryx Oryx tao [now Oryx dammah] - 2
*Mountain Sheep [Bighorn] Ovis canadensis - 13
*Dall's Sheep Ovis dalli - 1
*Chamois Rupicapra rupicapra - 3
*Saiga Saiga tatarica - 24
*Bushbuck Tragelaphus sp. - 3
*Lesser Kudu Tragelaphus imberbis - 4
*Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus - 8
*Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros - 2


UNKNOWN
[Mammals for which the identity could not be determined from the name on the import declaration]
- 477 records

 

[Coelacanth18]

Thanks for posting this information @Chlidonias. Some surprising/interesting things I noticed:

- The large number of Marmosa opossums imported at the time, considering that today Monodelphis domestica is the main pygmy opossum in zoos and I think in research labs also. It was also the first marsupial to have its genome sequenced.

- The large number of woolly monkeys and Chlorocebus monkeys, given that I don't know of either to be common in research labs or in zoos today (Chlorocebus might be in some smaller, privately-run zoos and safari parks, but pretty sure woolly monkeys are almost if not entirely extinct). Also interesting is the high numbers for geladas.

- Around 150 Brazilian tapirs imported in just two years, which is rather insane to me; meanwhile, today Baird's and Malayan are actually the more common species in the country.

- I'm at a loss for the high numbers of coati and (presumably) crab-eating raccoons; the former makes sense for pets and zoos and the latter for research labs, but the numbers seem abnormally high even for those.

- The unfathomable number of squirrel monkeys... seriously. Over 90,000 monkeys in just two years. That's enough for a decently-sized city. That's enough to replace every squirrel monkey currently in U.S. zoos many times over. They make up one third of all imports listed here. I don't even want to imagine what was happening to those monkeys that they needed so many of them...

- not many kangaroos and wallabies (and more tammar/scrub/brush wallabies than red-necked, despite that being the most common species today)

Given the high number of research-oriented animals (specifically primates), I suspect that only a small proportion of these imports were zoo-bound.

 

[MRJ]

- not many kangaroos and wallabies (and more tammar/scrub/brush wallabies than red-necked, despite that being the most common species today)

Tammars are/were feral in New Zealand which means they could have been obtained from there without an Australian export permit. Also they are a common research animal in Australia (not sure elsewhere).

 

[Chlidonias]

- The large number of woolly monkeys and Chlorocebus monkeys, given that I don't know of either to be common in research labs or in zoos today (Chlorocebus might be in some smaller, privately-run zoos and safari parks, but pretty sure woolly monkeys are almost if not entirely extinct). Also interesting is the high numbers for geladas.

- The unfathomable number of squirrel monkeys... seriously. Over 90,000 monkeys in just two years. That's enough for a decently-sized city. That's enough to replace every squirrel monkey currently in U.S. zoos many times over. They make up one third of all imports listed here. I don't even want to imagine what was happening to those monkeys that they needed so many of them...

Any primate species with high numbers were almost entirely for research facilities. Macaques, Vervets, Baboons, Geladas, Marmosets and Tamarins, Douroucoulis, Spider/Woolly/Squirrel/Capuchin Monkeys, and Common Chimpanzees. There was a lot of vivisection in the 60s and 70s, using monkeys to test diseases and head trauma, and all sorts of other nasty things. Relatively few of the primates which entered labs would be living for long; a lot of the monkeys were obtained simply to be killed in various ways, so there was a need for constant re-supply.

Primates with small numbers were probably mostly for zoos, or for private dealers.

Any other species with extremely high numbers would almost certainly have been for research labs as well (e.g. mouse opossums, tree shrews, raccoons, coatis, etc). I imagine the high numbers of Snowshoe Hares must have been for some sort of introduction for hunting. The numbers have dropped right off in the 1971 list to only 60 hares imported.

 

[Chlidonias]

MAMMALS IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1970
(Compiled by Robert D. Fisher and John. L. Paradiso)


The report can be viewed on the website for the Hathi Trust Digital Library, here: Mammals imported into the United States. 1970 (r:161).


In the year 1970 at least 299 mammal species were imported into the USA, with 93,653 individual mammals in total. Due to inadequacies in the import documents, a number of species could not be identified further than a general name (e.g. "squirrels"). However, unlike the situations in the other years, in the 1970 report there are no mammals which had to be listed as being entirely unidentifiable (e.g. there were no cases of species being documented simply as "11 mammals").

I have retained the common and scientific names as used in the document. In some cases two or three common names are provided as alternatives, and sometimes a second scientific name is added as a synonym. Obviously there have been many nomenclatural changes in the last fifty years. In some cases no scientific name has been provided (because of the very general common name used on the import form). The number given after the species name is how many individuals were recorded as being declared for importation during this year.

In this year's listings, the country of origin for imported mammals are also listed. I have included these in my list as well. In the reports for the following years (in 1971 and 1972) the countries were listed directly after each species, but in the 1970 report the authors first list all the species in taxonomic order, and then have a full separate list for each country. There are some very strange "countries of origin" listed, and I am not sure if this is due to incorrect import declarations or to errors by the authors in cataloguing their data. Some examples are Botswana as an origin for 6 Black Crested Macaques; Ethiopia as an origin for 5 Slow Lorises; and Colombia as an origin for 1 Ring-tailed Lemur, 3 Rhesus Macaques, 3 Dusky Langurs, 1 Purple-faced Leaf Monkey, and 1 Malayan Sun Bear.

Any comments of my own are in brackets - these are usually providing the more common current name for clarity, or to explain certain listings further.



MONOTREMES

*Spiny Anteater [Short-beaked Echidna] Tachyglossus aculeatus - 3 (from Papua [eastern New Guinea])
*New Guinea Spiny Anteater [Long-beaked Echidna] Zaglossus bruijni - 3 (from New Guinea)


MARSUPIALS

*Woolly Opossum Caluromys sp. - 3 (from Honduras)
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys lanatus - 281 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru; [most of these animals (260) were imported from Colombia])
*Woolly Opossum Caluromys philander - 1 (from Colombia)
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa sp. - 436 (from Colombia, Peru, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (411) were imported from Colombia])
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa alstoni - 2 (from Nicaragua)
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa murina - 4 (from Colombia)
*Brown Four-eyed Opossum Metachirus nudicaudatus- 2 (from Honduras)
*American Opossum Didelphis marsupialis - 1 (from Nicaragua)

*Tasmanian Devil Sarcophilus harrisii - 5 (from Australia)

*Short-nosed Bandicoot Isoodon macrourus - 5 (from Papua [eastern New Guinea])
*New Guinea Bandicoot Peroryctes raffrayanus - 7 (from Papua [eastern New Guinea])

*Pigmy Opossum Eudromicia lepidus [now Cercartetus lepidus] - 6 [listed as "unknown" per the country of origin but it is an Australian species]
*Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps - 11 (from New Guinea [western half of the island], and Papua [eastern half of the island])
*Cuscus Phalanger sp. - 3 (from Singapore)
*[Ground] Cuscus Phalanger gymnotis - 1 (from Papua [eastern New Guinea])
*[Spotted] Cuscus Phalanger maculatus - 13 (from New Guinea [western half of the island], and Papua [eastern half of the island])
*[Common] Cuscus Phalanger orientalis - 6 (from Papua [eastern New Guinea])
*Brush-tailed Opossum Trichosurus vulpecula - 100 (from New Zealand)

*Coarse-haired Wombat Phascolomis ursinus - 1 (from Australia)
[Note: this is the Common Wombat, now Vombatus ursinus]

*[Matschie's] Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus matschiei - 2 (from New Guinea)
*Forest Wallaby Dorcopsis veterum [the Brown Dorcopsis Dorcopsis muelleri] - 3 (from New Guinea)
*Hare Wallaby Lagorchestes sp. - 10 (from Singapore - [Singapore was a major wildlife trading hub at the time, but this still feels like it has to be an identification error on the import document])
*Agile Wallaby Macropus agilis - 2 (from Great Britain, and Singapore)
*Scrub Wallaby [Tammar or Dama Wallaby] Macropus eugenii - 59 (from New Zealand)
*Wallaroo Macropus robustus - 8 (from Italy)
*Red-necked Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus - 9 (from Great Britain, and New Zealand)
*Red Kangaroo Megaleia rufa [synonym of Macropus rufus] - 3 (from Australia)
*Rock Wallaby Petrogale brachyotis - 2 (from New Zealand [despite the identification of the importer these would have actually been Petrogale penicillata])
*[Brush-tailed] Rock Wallaby Petrogale penicillata - 3 (from New Zealand)


INSECTIVORES
[Note: at the time Insectivora was a bit of a dumping ground for oddball mammals - here I have retained their grouping which includes hedgehogs, shrews, and tree shrews]

*Hedgehog Erinaceus sp. - 17 (from Morocco)
*European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus - 60 (from France, Italy, Pakistan, and West Germany)
[Note: the only hedgehogs which occur in Pakistan are in the genera Hemiechinus and Paraechinus, so the 14 recorded as being imported from there were likely not E. europaeus]
*Desert Hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus - 10 (from Pakistan)

*Asiatic Shrew Soriculus irene - 10 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")

*Tree Shrew Tupaia sp. - 2 (from Thailand)
*Tree Shrew Tupaia glis - 425 (from Thailand)
[Note: all the years showed large numbers of tree shrews being imported, so they were probably all destined for research labs. The lists in later years gave the countries of origin for imported mammals. In the case of this species, almost all were being imported from Thailand which would make them Belanger's Tree Shrews Tupaia belangeri, which at the time was treated as a subspecies of Tupaia glis.]


COLUGOS

*Gliding Lemur [Colugo] Cynocephalus sp. - 2 (from Thailand)


BATS

*Fruit Bat Pteropus sp. - 18 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")

*Ghost Bat Macroderma gigas - 6 [listed as "unknown" per the country of origin but it is an Australian species]

*[Macleay's] Moustache Bat Chilonycteris macleayii - 10 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*[Parnell's] Moustache Bat Chilonycteris parnellii - 80 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")

*Neotropical Fruit Bat Artibeus jamaicensis - 10 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus - 170 (from Mexico)
*[Greater Antillean] Long-tongued Bat Monophyllus redmani - 10 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*[Greater] Spear-nosed Bat Phyllostomus hastatus - 28 (from Trinidad)

*Mastiff Bat Tadarida molossa - 10 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")


PRIMATES
[The taxonomy of Primates has changed massively since the 1960s/70s. A lot of the species listed below have been split into multiple species since then and it would be impossible from a basic list to state which taxa they really were even if the identifications of the importers could be relied upon.]

*Gray Gentle Lemur Hapalemur griseus - 3 (from Madagascar)
*Ring-tailed Lemur Lemur catta - 8 (from Canada, Colombia [?], France, and Madagascar)
*Mongoose Lemur Lemur mongoz [now Eulemur mongoz] - 14 (from France, and Madagascar)
*Ruffed Lemur Lemur variegatus [now Varecia variegatus] - 5 (from Madagascar)
*Mouse Lemur Microcebus murinus - 4 (from Madagascar)

*Galago Galago sp. - 5 (from South Africa)
*Demidoff's Galago Galago demidovii - 15 (from Dahomey [Benin])
*Senegal Galago Galago senegalensis - 61 (from Botswana, Great Britain, and Kenya)
*Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang - 73 (from Ethiopia, Singapore, Thailand, and with the origin of three animals listed as "unknown")
[Note: if obtained locally, the Thailand animals would have mostly been Nycticebus bengalensis, but the Singapore exports would have been sourced from throughout the region (Singapore at the time was a major trading hub for Asian wildlife). The Ethiopian record for five animals is almost certainly an identification error]

*Howler Monkey Alouatta sp. - 1 (from Nicaragua)
*Red Howler Monkey Alouatta seniculus - 12 (from Honduras, Nicaragua, and Paraguay)
*Mantled Howler Monkey Alouatta villosa [synonym of Alouatta pigra] - 88 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru)
*Douroucouli Aotus trivirgatus - 4209 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (3683)were exported from Colombia])
*Spider Monkey Ateles sp. - 132 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, and Nicaragua)
*Long-haired Spider Monkey Ateles belzebuth - 87 (from Colombia, Honduras, and Peru)
*Black-handed Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi - 1870 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and "unknown")
*Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus - 587 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and "unknown")
*Red Uakari Cacajao rubicundus - 14 (from Colombia, and Nicaragua [note that uakaris do not occur anywhere in Central America])
*Titi Monkey Callicebus sp. - 121 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Peru)
*Dusky Titi Monkey Callicebus moloch - 40 (from Colombia, and Peru)
*Capuchin Cebus sp. - 118 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Paraguay)
*White-fronted Capuchin Cebus albifrons - 3170 (from Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown")
*Black-capped Capuchin Cebus apella - 847 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Nicaragua, Paraguay, and Peru)
*White-throated Capuchin Cebus capucinus - 1764 (from Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown")
*Weeper Capuchin Cebus nigrovittatus [synonym of Cebus olivacea] - 36 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru)
*Red-backed Saki Chiropotes satanas - 12 (from Colombia, and Peru)
*Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha - 2244 (from Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and "unknown")
*Monk Saki Pithecia monachus - 66 (from Colombia, Guyana, and Peru)
*Pale-headed Saki Pithecia pithecia - 2 (from Peru)
*Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sp. - 355 (from Brazil, Peru, and "unknown")
*Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus - 25,769 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Nicaragua, Peru, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (22,722) were imported from Peru])

*Goeldi's Marmoset Callimico goeldii - 49 (from Brazil, Colombia, and Peru)
*Marmoset Callithrix sp. - 44 (from Brazil, and Colombia)
*Black-tailed Marmoset [Silvery Marmoset] Callithrix argentata - 22 (from Brazil, and Peru)
*White-eared Marmoset [Buffy-tufted Marmoset] Callithrix aurita - 126 (from Brazil, and Colombia)
*Silky Marmoset [Gold and White Marmoset] Callithrix chrysoleuca - 3 (from Colombia)
*White-fronted Marmoset Callithrix geoffroyi - 70 (from Brazil)
*Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus - 1 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*Black-eared Marmoset Callithrix penicillata - 36 (from Brazil)
*Pigmy Marmoset Cebuella pygmaea - 192 (from Colombia, and Peru; [most of these animals (172) were imported from Colombia])
*Golden Lion Marmoset [Golden Lion Tamarin] Leontideus rosalia [synonym of Leontopithecus rosalia] - 150 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru)
*Tamarin Saguinus sp. - 1 (from Paraguay)
*Geoffroy's Tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi - 9 (from Panama)
*Moustached Tamarin Saguinus mystax - 1779 (from Colombia, and Peru; [most of these animals (1763) were imported from Colombia])
*White-lipped Tamarin [Black-mantled Tamarin] Saguinus nigricollis - 332 (from Brazil, Colombia, and Peru)
*Cotton-top Marmoset [Cottontop Tamarin] Saguinus oedipus - 2068 (from Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (2020) were exported from Colombia])

*Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus torquatus [the Sooty Mangabey C. atys was formerly treated as a subspecies of the Red-capped Mangabey C. torquatus] - 7 (from Liberia)
*Guenon Cercopithecus sp. [given the numbers and all being from one country, these are almost certainly Chlorocebus] - 296 (from Ethiopia)
*Grivet Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops [now Chlorocebus aethiops, and now also split into multiple species which here are lumped] - 3106 (from Ethiopia, Kenya, Netherlands, Sierra Leone, Somalia, and Tanzania)
*Moustached Monkey Cercopithecus cephus - 4 (from Cameroon, and Congo [DRC])
*Diana Monkey Cercopithecus diana - 11 (from Kenya, and Liberia)
*Red-eared Guenon Cercopithecus erythrotis - 3 (from Cameroon)
*Owl-faced Monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni - 2 (from Belgium)
*Blue Monkey Cercopithecus mitis - 4 (from Kenya)
*Mona Monkey Cercopithecus mona - 1 (from Liberia)
*Spot-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus nictitans - 6 (from Ghana, and with one animal's origin listed as "unknown")
*De Brazza's Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus - 17 (from Cameroon, Congo [DRC], Kenya, and Netherlands; [the majority came from Kenya with 13 animals])
*Allen's Swamp Monkey Cercopithecus nigroviridis - 1 (from Great Britain)
*Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza - 5 (from Kenya)
*King Colobus Colobus polykomos - 6 (from Kenya)
*Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas - 156 (from Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, and "unknown"; [most of the animals (150) were from Nigeria])
*Macaque Macaca sp. - 94 (from Malaysia, and Thailand)
*Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides - 1070 (from Malaysia, Thailand, and "unknown" for 42 animals; [most of the animals (1011) were exported from Thailand])
*Crab-eating Macaque Macaca fascicularis - 1609 (from Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand)
*Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta - 23,302 (from Colombia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Thailand, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (22,079) were imported from India])
*Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina - 662 (from Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and "unknown")
[Note that this species has since been split into Northern Pig-tailed Macaque M. leonina and Southern Pig-tailed Macaque M. nemestrina. The animals from Thailand were probably leonina, and the rest nemestrina.]
*Celebes Black Ape [Crested Black Macaque] Macaca nigra - 10 (from Botswana [very likely an error in identification], Canada, and Singapore)
*Bonnet Monkey Macaca radiata - 14 (from India)
*Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus - 2 (from Canada)
*Barbary Ape Macaca sylvana - 4 (from Morocco)
*Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus - 8 (from Denmark, Netherlands, Singapore, and West Germany)
*Baboon Papio sp. - 66 (from Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, and South Africa)
*Olive Baboon Papio anubis - 577 (from Kenya, and Tanzania)
*Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas - 62 (from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania)
*Mandrill Papio sphinx [now Mandrillus sphinx] - 47 (from Cameroon, Congo [DRC], Great Britain, and Tanzania; [most of these animals (40) were imported from Tanzania])
*Chacma Baboon Papio ursinus - 1 (from Zambia)
*Langur Presbytis sp. [probably more likely to be either a Semnopithecus or Trachypithecus species] - 4 (from Thailand)
*Hanuman Langur Presbytis entellus [now Semnopithecus entellus] - 3 (from Thailand)
*Dusky Langur Presbytis obscurus [now Trachypithecus obscurus] - 13 (from Colombia [?], Singapore, and Thailand)
*Phayre's Langur Presbytis phayrei [now Trachypithecus phayrei] - 1 (from Thailand)
*Purple-faced Leaf Monkey Presbytis senex [now Semnopithecus or Trachypithecus senex] - 1 (from Colombia [likely to either be an identification error, or for "Colombia" to instead be Colombo (in Sri Lanka)])
*Douc Langur Pygathris nemaeus [at this time treated as a single species] - 15 (from Denmark, and Thailand)
*Gelada Baboon Theropithecus gelada - 278 (from Ethiopia, Kenya, Netherlands, Senegal, and Tanzania; [interestingly only six of these animals were imported from Ethiopia, with most coming from Kenya (165 animals) and Tanzania (92 animals)])

*Dark-handed [Agile] Gibbon Hylobates agilis - 38 (from Laos, and Singapore)
*Black [Concolor] Gibbon Hylobates concolor [now Nomascus concolor, and also now split into multiple species] - 7 (from Laos, and Thailand)
*White-handed [Lar] Gibbon Hylobates lar - 43 (from Laos, Singapore, Thailand, and "unknown")
*Siamang Gibbon Hylobates syndactylus [now Symphalangus syndactylus] - 14 (from Singapore)

*Chimpanzee Chimpansee troglodytes [now Pan troglodytes] - 185 (from Cameroon, Canada, Congo [DRC], Ghana, Liberia, Netherlands, Nigeria, Paraguay, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and "unknown")
*Gorilla Gorilla gorilla - 6 (from Cameroon, Congo [DRC], and Netherlands)


EDENTATES

*Silky Anteater Cyclopes didactylus - 1 (from Colombia)
*Giant Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla - 69 (from Colombia, and Peru)
*Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla - 354 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, "unknown"; [most of these animals (337) were imported from Colombia])
[Note: currently there are two species of tamandua recognised, the Northern Tamandua Tamandua mexicana and Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Until 1975 the two species were considered conspecific. Only the Northern Tamandua is found in Honduras and Nicaragua (in Central America), but both species occur in separate parts of Colombia and Peru.]

*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus sp. - 18 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru)
*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus tridactylus - 1 (from Colombia)
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus sp. - 7 (from Colombia)
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus didactylus - 55 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Peru)
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus hoffmanni - 17 (from Peru)

*[Andean] Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus nationi - 6 (from Bolivia)
*[Large] Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus - 3 (from Argentina, and Peru)
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus sp. - 6 (from Peru)
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus - 5 (from Nicaragua)
*Pichi Armadillo Zaedyus pichiy - 2 (from Argentina)


PANGOLINS

*Pangolin Manis sp. - 3 (from Thailand)
*Malayan Pangolin Manis javanica - 4 (from Thailand)


LAGOMORPHS

*Hare Lepus sp. [probably Snowshoe Hares, given the numbers recorded below] - 1000 (from Canada)
*Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus - 5073 (from Canada; [76 animals had no country of export documented but would have also came from Canada])
[Note: I'm at a loss to explain the numbers of Snowshoe Hares being imported alive into the USA. In the 1920s and 1930s tens of thousands of hares were being released to stock new areas for hunting, but they were sourced from within the USA. Lesser numbers were being released into at least the 1950s but, again, they were being sourced from within the country and not being imported]
*Old World Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus - 3 (from Great Britain)
[Note: these would presumably have been domestic rabbits]
*Scrub Hare Pronolagus marjorita [now Poelagus majorita] - 8 (from Botswana [although note that this species does not occur in Botswana, so was probably a different species])


RODENTS

*Asiatic Chipmunk Eutamias sibiricus - 4 (from Japan)
*Marmot Marmota sp. - 1 (from Great Britain)
*[Alpine] Marmot Marmota marmota - 4 (from West Germany)
*Neotropical Dwarf Squirrel Microsciurus sp. - 1 (from Honduras)
*Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista sp. - 8 (from Thailand)
*Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica - 1 (from Thailand)
*Tree Squirrel Sciurus sp. - 12 (from Honduras)
*Tropical Red Squirrel Sciurus granatensis - 287 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (249) were imported from Colombia])
*Variegated Squirrel Sciurus variegatoides - 28 (from Nicaragua)
*[American] Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus - 9 [the country of origin is listed as "unknown" but was likely to have been Canada]

*African Jumping Hare [Springhaas] Pedetes capensis - 22 (from Botswana)

*Diurnal Sand Rat [Fat Sand Rat] Psammomys obesus - 50 (from Egypt)

*House Mouse Mus musculus - 36 (from Great Britain, and Sweden)
*Pacific Rat Rattus exulans - 310 [the country of origin is listed as "unknown", but in later years they were being imported to the mainland USA from Hawaii, so the same is likely the case here]
*Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus - 23 (from France 12 and "unknown")

*Dormouse Glis glis - 10 (from Italy)

*[African] Crested Porcupine Hystrix cristata - 16 (from Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Singapore, and Thailand [some of these are likely to have been other Hystrix species])
*African Porcupine Hystrix galeata [synonym of Hystrix cristata] - 4 (from Kenya)

*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou sp. - 3 (from Ecuador, and Peru)
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou prehensilis - 9 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru)

*Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris - 145 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, and Peru)

*Pacarana Dinomys branickii - 1 (from Peru)

*[Lowland] Paca Agouti paca [synonym of Cuniculus paca] - 58 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru)
*Agouti Dasyprocta sp. - 77 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and "unknown")
*[Red-rumped / Brazilian] Agouti Dasyprocta aguti [synonym for D. leporina] - 79 (from Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru; [note that this species is not found in most of these countries and apart for the Brazil animals these records are likely to refer to D. punctata])
*[Black] Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa - 137 (from Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Peru)
*[Central American] Agouti Dasyprocta punctata - 6 (from Nicaragua)
*Acushi [Acuchi / Acouchi] Myoprocta sp. - 1 (from Peru)
*Acushi [Acuchi / Acouchi] Myoprocta acuchy - 1 (from Honduras)

*Chinchilla Chinchilla laniger - 45 (from Canada)

*Nutria Myocastor coypu [typo for coypus] - 32 (from Canada)


CETACEANS

*Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis - 3 (from Peru)


CARNIVORA

*Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus [now Vulpes lagopus] - 1 (from Norway)
*Small-eared Dog Atelocynus microtis - 1 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*[Golden] Jackel (sic) Canis aureus - 1 (from Kenya)
*Dingo Canis familiaris - 11 (from Australia)
*Gray Wolf Canis lupus - 1 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*Savanna Fox [Crab-eating Fox] Cerdocyon thous - 1 (from Nicaragua; [note that this species does not occur in Central America])
*Maned Wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus - 1 (from West Germany)
*Fennec Fennecus zerda [now Vulpes zerda] - 20 (from Algeria, Botswana, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (18) were imported from Algeria])
*African Hunting Dog Lycaon pictus - 2 (from SW Africa [Namibia], and Zambia)
*Aardwolf Proteles cristatus - 2 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Bush Dog Speothos venaticus - 1 (from West Germany)
*Red Fox Vulpes vulpes - 5 (from Canada)

*Malayan Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus - 17 (from Colombia, and Thailand; [the single animal from Colombia is likely to be an error in either identification or exporting country])
*Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus - 8 (from India, and Thailand)
*Asiatic Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus - 5 (from Thailand)
*Spectacled Bear Tremarctos ornatus - 2 (from Colombia, and Ecuador)
*American Black Bear Ursus americanus - 3 (the country of origin is listed as "unknown")
*Brown Bear Ursus arctos - 5 (from Roumania)
*Polar Bear Ursus maritimus - 1 (from Sweden)

*Lesser Panda [Red Panda] Ailurus fulgens - 4 (from Great Britain)
*Olingo Bassaricyon sp. - 2 (from Ecuador)
*Coati Nasua sp. - 2 (from Honduras [at this location would be Nasua narica])
*[White-nosed] Coati Nasua narica - 1235 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown")
*[Brown-nosed or South American] Coati Nasua nasua - 102 (from Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Panama, Peru, and "unknown")
[Note: in the 1968 report all Coatis were listed as Nasua narica and in the 1969 report they were all listed as Nasua nasua. The later reports, which include the countries of origin, show that they were being imported from the range countries of both species. The countries listed above are a real jumble but I have just left them as in the report. In the 1971 and 1972 reports they just combine the two species as "Coati Nasua nasua / Nasua narica"]
*Kinkajou Potos flavus - 430 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, and "unknown")
*Raccoon Procyon sp. - 2 (from Nicaragua)
*Crab-eating Raccoon Procyon cancrivorus - 149 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua; [most of these animals (144) were exported from Colombia])
*[Common] Raccoon Procyon lotor - 1480 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (1433) were exported from Colombia where the species does not occur - the authors of the reports note that Procyon cancrivorus was being imported under this name].)

*Oriental Small-clawed Otter Amblonyx cinerea - 55 (from Malaysia, Thailand, and "unknown")
*Tayra Eira barbara - 30 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and *"unknown")
*Grison Galictis sp. - 31 (from Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador)
*Grison Galictis vittata - 6 (from Honduras, and Peru)
*Wolverine Gulo gulo - 1 (from Canada)
*Otter Lutra sp. - 7 (from Colombia (3), and "unknown" (4))
*Southern River Otter Lutra annectens [now Lontra longicaudis annectens] - 1 (from Peru)
*Old World River Otter [Eurasian Otter] Lutra lutra - 38 (from Thailand)
*[Eurasian] Badger Meles meles - 7 (from France)
*[American] Mink Mustela vison [now Neovison vison] - 23 (from Canada, and Finland [it is possible that the 20 animals imported from the latter may have actually been European Mink Mustela lutreola])
*Giant Otter Pteronura brasiliensis - 3 (from Colombia, and Nicaragua; [note that this species does not occur in Central America])

*African Civet Civettictis civetta - 3 (two from India [perhaps an identification error] and one listed as of unknown origin)
*[Common] Genet Genetta genetta - 2 (from Botswana)
*Dwarf Mongoose Helogale parvula - 2 (from West Germany)
*Banded Palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus - 3 (from Thailand)
*Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata - 1 (the country of origin is listed as being unknown)
*Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus - 1 (this appears to have been missed on the country lists)
*Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang - 3 (from Thailand)
*Oriental Civet Viverra sp. - 1 (from Thailand)
*Lesser Oriental Civet Viverricula indica - 2 (from Thailand)

*Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta - 1 (from Zambia)
*Hyaena Hyaena sp. - 3 (two from India [most likely to be Striped Hyaenas Hyaena hyaena] and one listed as being "unknown")

[Note: for the Felidae I have simply retained the genera used on the list rather than annotating each species]
*Cheetah Acinonys jubatus - 19 (from Canada, Congo [DRC], French Somaliland [Djibouti], Mexico, Somalia, SW Africa [Namibia], and "unknown")
*Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis - 313 (from Brazil [likely an identification error], Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (304) were exported from Thailand])
*European Wild Cat Felis silvestris - 2 (from Australia [these were probably actually Domestic Cats])
*Jungle Cat Felis chaus - 1 (from Thailand)
*Puma Felis concolor - 19 (from Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru)
*African Wild Cat Felis lybica - 1 (from Kenya)
*Ocelot Felis pardalis - 428 (from Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown")
*Flat-headed Cat Felis planiceps - 1 (the country of export is listed as "unknown")
*Serval Felis serval - 1 (from Netherlands)
*Temminck's Golden Cat Felis temmincki - 3 (from Thailand)
*Tiger Cat [Oncilla] Felis tigrina - 3 (from Colombia, and Nicaragua)
*Fishing Cat Felis viverrina - 2 (from Thailand)
*Margay Felis wiedii - 56 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay)
*Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi - 200 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown"; [most of these animals (153) were exported from Colombia])
*Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis - 12 (from Canada)
*Caracal Lynx caracal - 8 (from Botswana, Kenya, and SW Africa [Namibia])
*Lion Leo leo - 12 (from Canada, Colombia, Kenya, and Zambia)
*Jaguar Leo onca - 22 (from Colombia, Guyana, and Peru)
*Leopard Leo pardus - 33 (from Denmark, Great Britain, Thailand, and Zambia)
*Snow Leopard Uncia uncia - 5 (from Netherlands, and the USSR)


PINNIPEDS

*[Northern] Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris - 4 (from Mexico)
*Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina - 43 (from Canada, Iceland, and Norway; [most of the animals (40) were imported from Canada])

*Patagonian Sea Lion Otaria flavescens - 5 (from Netherlands, and Peru)
*California Sea Lion Zalophus californianus - 1 (the country of export is listed as "unknown")


AARDVARKS

*Aardvark Orycteropus afer - 3 (from Ethiopia)


ELEPHANTS

*Indian Elephant Elephas maximus - 36 (from Paraguay, Thailand, and "unknown"; [most of the animals (34) came from Thailand])
*African Elephant Loxodonta africana - 20 (from Kenya, and Zambia (1))


HYRAXES

*Rock Hyrax Dendrohyrax sp. - 8 (from Kenya)
*Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis - 6 (from SW Africa [Namibia])


PERISSODACTYLS

*Zebra Equus sp. - 3 (from South Africa, and Zambia)
*Burchell's Zebra Equus burchellii - 28 (from Canada (1), and Kenya)
*Grevy's Zebra Equus grevyi - 24 (from Kenya)
*Onager Equus hemionus - 2 (from West Germany)
*Mountain Zebra Equus zebra - 10 (from SW Africa [Namibia])

*Tapir Tapirus sp. - 1 (from Honduras [most likely to be Tapirus bairdii])
*Baird's Tapir Tapirus bairdii - 2 (from Panama, and Peru)
*Asian Tapir Tapirus indicus - 1 (from Malaysia)
*Brazilian Tapir Tapirus terrestris - 44 (from Brazil, Colombia, Nicaragua, and Peru)

*White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum - 10 (from Netherlands)
*African Black Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis - 1 (from Kenya)
*Indian Rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis - 3 (from India, and Switzerland)


ARTIODACTYLS

*Wart Hog Phacochoerus aethiopicus - 3 (from Kenya, and Zambia)

*Peccary Tayassu sp. - 2 (from Colombia)

*Pigmy Hippopotamus Choeropus liberiensis - 1 (from Liberia)

*Guanaco Lama guanaco - 1 (from Canada)
*Alpaca Lama pacos - 7 (from Canada, and Peru)

*Moose Alces alces - 2 (from Canada)
*Red Deer Cervus elaphus - 2 (from Canada, and New Zealand)
*Sika Deer Cervus nippon - 4 (from Canada)
*Fallow Deer Dama dama - 14 (from Canada)
*Pere David's Deer Elaphurus davidianus - 8 (from Canada, and West Germany)
*Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus - 2 (from Canada)
*White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus - 5 (from Canada, Panama, and "unknown")
*Reindeer Rangifer tarandus - 1 (the country of export is listed as "unknown")

*Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis - 20 (from Kenya, and SW Africa [Namibia])

*Impala Aepyceros melampus - 4 (from Kenya, and Zambia)
*Hartebeest Alcelaphus sp. - 2 (from Zambia)
*Red Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus - 3 (from Kenya)
*Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra - 1 (from Ethiopia [may be an identification error])
*Bongo Boocercus eurycerus [synonym of Tragelaphus eurycerus] - 5 (from Kenya)
*Yak Bos grunniens - 1 (from Canada)
*Water Buffalo Bubalus bubalus - 5 (from Canada)
*Ibex Capra ibex - 3 (from the USSR)
*White-tailed Gnu Connochaetes gnou - 3 (from Kenya, and Zambia)
*Gazelle Gazella sp. - 1 (from Kenya)
*Sommerring's Gazelle Gazella soemmerringii - 1 (from Kenya)
*Speke's Gazelle Gazella spekei - 1 (from Kenya)
*Thomson's Gazelle Gazella thomsonii - 3 (from Kenya)
*Himalayan Tahr Hemitragus jemhalicus - 1 (from New Zealand)
*Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus - 2 (from Zambia)
*Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger - 2 (from Zambia)
*Waterbuck Kobus sp. - 2 (from West Germany)
*Waterbuck Kobus defassa - 2 (from Kenya)
*Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus - 1 (from Zambia)
*Puku Kobus vardonii - 2 (from Zambia)
*Gerenuk Litocranius walleri - 2 (from Kenya)
*[Kirk's] Dik-dik Madoqua kirkii - 7 (from Kenya)
*Beisa Oryx Oryx beisa - 4 (from Kenya)
*Oribi Ourebia ourebia - 2 (from Zambia)
*Domestic Sheep Ovis aries - 75 (from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and West Germany)
*Argali Ovis ammon - 1 (from Mongolia)
*Dall's Sheep Ovis dalli - 2 (from Canada)
*Mouflon Ovis musimon - 4 (from Canada)
*Steinbok Raphicerus sp. - 1 (from Kenya)
*Grysbok Raphicerus melanotis - 1 (from Zambia)
*Reedbuck Redunca arundinum - 2 (from Zambia)
*Chamois Rupicapra rupicapra - 3 (from New Zealand)
*Gray Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia - 1 (from Kenya)
*African Buffalo Syncerus caffer - 3 (from Kenya, and Zambia)
*Eland Taurotragus sp. - 1 (from Kenya)
*Eland Taurotragus oryx - 2 (from Zambia)
*Nyala Tragelaphus angasii - 3 (from Netherlands, and West Germany)
*Lesser Kudu Tragelaphus imberbis - 1 (from Kenya)
*Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus - 3 (from Kenya, and Tanzania)
*Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekii - 1 (from Kenya)
*Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros - 8 (from Netherlands, SW Africa [Namibia], and Zambia)

 

[Chlidonias]

MAMMALS IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1971
(Compiled by Roger B. Clapp and John. L. Paradiso)


The report can be viewed on the website of the Hathi Trust Digital Library, here: Mammals imported into the United States in 1971 / Roger B. Clapp and John L. Paradiso.

It is also available online via Google Books. I haven't given a link because results for Google Books works differently per country, but if you Google "Clapp Paradiso Mammals imported into the United States 1971" you should be able to find it for additional information.


In the year 1971 at least 275 mammal species were imported into the USA, with 89,894 individual mammals in total. Of the species listed on import declarations, only 13 individual mammals could not be identified at all by the list compiler from the names used on the forms. A number of species could also not be identified further than a general name (e.g. "kangaroo").

I have retained the common and scientific names as used in the document. In some cases two or three common names are provided as alternatives, and sometimes a second scientific name is added as a synonym. Obviously there have been many nomenclatural changes in the last fifty years. In some cases no scientific name has been provided (because of the very general common name used on the import form). The number given after the species name is how many individuals were recorded as being declared for importation during this year.

In this year's listings, the country of origin for imported mammals are also listed. I have included these in my list as well.

Any comments of my own are in brackets - these are usually providing the more common current name for clarity, or to explain certain listings further.


The authors write:
"We found ... that the combinations of common and scientific names used were often at an appallingly low level of accuracy. For example, the great preponderance of raccoons were listed as Procyon lotor, although the area of origin for most of them suggests to us that almost all were certainly P. cancrivorus. Primate names, particularly those of South American species, also were frequently suspect. Peculiar combinations of common and scientific names, when taken in conjunction with known geographic ranges of the species, clearly indicated that many South American monkeys are poorly or inadequately identified on the import forms. This seemed particularly true of the genera Cebus, Ateles, and Saguinus especially S. oedipus. Soini (1972) has indicated, for example, that the principal species of tamarin exported from the Amazonian region of Peru is Saguinus fuscicollis, including S. illigeri, yet a total of only 293 of 1,472 (20%) Saguinus imported from Peru in 1970 and 1971 were reported on declaration forms as illigeri and none were reported as fuscicollis.

Some scientific names were also used as a "catchall" for species in a genus or even for species belonging to different families. Coendou prehensilis, for example, was used for porcupines from Honduras and Nicaragua although the only species in this genus occurring there is C. mexicanus. The name was also used for seven porcupines imported from Thailand although the animals were certainly hystricids rather than erethizodontids. Frequently species were listed with only generic names although only one species occurs in the stated country of origin. For example, Three-toed Sloths were listed as Bradypus sp. when in a number of instances it seems almost certain that they could be safely identified as B. infuscatus.

As a consequence of our analysis we have in some instances rejected the identifications listed on the import declarations and have preferred to list the animals in question under less specific names. In other instances we have supplied a species identification on the basis of geographic range as well as on a consideration of the general level of taxonomic competence (or incompetence) exhibited by a given importer. Although it is possible that some errors may have been incorporated as a result of our analysis, we feel that, on the whole, our procedure has resulted in a more accurate appraisal of what animals are actually imported."


.........................................................................................


MONOTREMES

*Spiny Anteater [Short-beaked Echidna] Tachyglossus aculeatus - 1 (from New Guinea)
*Spiny Anteater [Short-beaked Echidna] Tachyglossus setosus - 2 (from Australia) [setosus is the Tasmanian subspecies of T. aculeatus]
*New Guinean Spiny Anteater [Long-beaked Echidna] Zaglossus bruijni - 2 (from New Guinea)


MARSUPIALS

*Woolly Opossum Caluromys derbianus - 31 (from Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama)
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa robinsoni - 61 (from Colombia)
*Murine Opossum / Mouse Opossum / Pigmy Opossum Marmosa sp. - 1326 (from Argentina, Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru - 1311 of the total were imported from Colombia)
*Brown Four-eyed Opossum Metachirus nudicaudatus - 10 (from Honduras)
*Gray Four-eyed Opossum Philander opossum - 18 (from Nicaragua)

*[Northern Common] Cuscus Phalanger orientalis - 4 (from the Solomon Islands)
*Brush-tailed Possum Trichosurus vulpecula - 28 (from New Zealand)

*Doria's Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus dorianus - 2 (from New Guinea)
*Goodfellow's Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus goodfellowi - 9 (from New Guinea)
*Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus sp. - 6 (from New Guinea)
*Scrub Wallaby / Dama Wallaby Macropus eugenii / Wallabia eugenii - 81 (from New Zealand)
*Wallaroo Macropus robustus - 2 (from Australia)
*Red-necked Wallaby / Bennett's Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus / Wallabia rufogrisea - 21 (from Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand)
[Note: thirteen of the "Red-necked Wallabies" were imported from Indonesia, which seems unlikely, so they may have actually been a species of pademelon from New Guinea instead]
*Red Kangaroo Megaleia rufa / Macropus rufus - 2 (from Australia and "unknown")
*Kangaroo [no scientific name given] - 3 (from Australia)
*[Brush-tailed] Rock Wallaby Petrogale penicillata - 3 (from New Zealand)
*Rock Wallaby Petrogale sp. - 27 (from Australia, Singapore, New Zealand)
[Note: the ten unidentified rock wallabies listed as coming from New Zealand will have been Petrogale penicillata]
*Wallaby [no scientific name given] - 7 (from Canada and New Zealand)
*Long-nosed Rat-Kangaroo Potorous tridactylus - 4 (from Australia)


INSECTIVORES
[Note: at the time Insectivora was a bit of a dumping ground for oddball mammals - here I have retained their grouping which includes hedgehogs, tenrecs, and tree shrews]

*Senegambian Hedgehog [Four-toed Hedgehog] Erinaceus albiventris [now Atelerix albiventris] - 17 (from Dahomey [Benin])
*European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus - 52 (from France, Pakistan, West Germany)
[Note: the only hedgehogs which occur in Pakistan are in the genera Hemiechinus and Paraechinus, so the 30 recorded as being imported from there were likely not E. europaeus]
*Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus - 50 (from Pakistan [the only subspecies which occurs there is megalotis (below)])
*Long-eared Desert Hedgehog Hemiechinus megalotis [now treated as a subspecies of H. auritus] - 9 (from Pakistan)
*Ethiopian Hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus - 17 (from West Germany)
*Algerian Hedgehog [no scientific name given] - 10 (from West Germany)

*Streaked Tenrec Hemicentetes sp. - 8 (from Madagascar)

*Common Tree Shrew Tupaia glis - 627 (from Thailand)
*Tree Shrew Tupaia sp. - 81 (from Thailand)
[Note: all the years showed large numbers of tree shrews being imported, so they were probably all destined for research labs. In the case of this year, all the "Tupaia glis" were imported from Thailand which would actually make them Belanger's Tree Shrews Tupaia belangeri, which at the time was treated as a subspecies of Tupaia glis. The second listing (as "Tupaia sp.") were probably the same species.]


COLUGOS

*Gliding Lemur [Colugo] Cynocephalus variegatus - 8 (from Thailand)


BATS

*Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus - 5 (from Thailand)
[Note: much more likely to have been the Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus]
*Grey-headed Flying Fox Pteropus poliocephalus - 5 (from Australia)

*Short-tailed Fruit Bat Carollia perspicillata - 40 (from Trinidad)
*Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus - 272 (from Mexico)


PRIMATES
[The taxonomy of Primates has changed massively since the 1960s/70s. A lot of the species listed below have been split into multiple species since then and it would be impossible from a basic list to state which taxa they really were.]

[From page 47 of the document there is an interesting set of tables regarding Primate numbers used in research in 1971 versus numbers imported that year. It notes that there are discrepancies between the numbers of Primates recorded as being imported and the numbers reported as being bought by research facilities. The species listed below with very high import numbers were mostly destined for research labs. Species with very low import numbers would be mostly zoo imports. Of the mammals imported into the USA during 1971, Primates made up almost 89% of total individuals recorded (out of 89,894 mammals in total, 79,887 of them were Primates).]

*Ring-tailed Lemur Lemur catta - 3 (from Canada and France)
*Mongoose Lemur Lemur mongoz [now Eulemur mongoz] - 9 (from France)
*Ruffed Lemur Lemur variegatus [now Varecia variegata] - 3 (from Madagascar and Switzerland)
*Lesser Mouse Lemur Microcebus murinus - 2 (from Madagascar)

*Angwantibo Arctocebus calabarensis - 1 (from Cameroon)
*Allen's Galago Galago alleni - 1 (from Cameroon)
*Demidoff's Galago Galago demidovii - 151 (from Cameroon and Dahomey [Benin]; 150 of the imported animals came from the latter country)
*Senegal Galago / Bushbaby / Night Ape Galago senegalensis - 161 (from Botswana and Kenya)
*Slender Loris Loris tardigradus - 2 (from West Germany)
*Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang - 72 (from Singapore and Thailand)
[Note: if obtained locally, the latter (Thailand) animals would have mostly been Nycticebus bengalensis, but the Singapore exports would have been sourced from throughout the region (Singapore at the time was a major trading hub for Asian wildlife).]
*Potto / Bosman's Potto Perodicticus potto - 50 (from Dahomey [Benin] and Liberia)

*Black Howler Monkey Alouatta caraya - 18 (from Paraguay)
*Red Howler Monkey Alouatta seniculus - 11 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Mantled Howler Monkey Alouatta villosa / Alouatta palliata - 47 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua)
[Note: Alouatta villosa is a junior synonym of Alouatta pigra; and the list is combining the Guatemalan or Yucatan Black Howler A. pigra and the Mantled Howler A. palliata as a single species.]
*Douroucouli / Owl Monkey / Night Monkey Aotus trivirgatus - 3728 (from Colombia, Panama, Paraguay, Peru)
*Long-haired Spider Monkey Ateles belzebuth - 41 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Brown-headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps - 129 (from Colombia)
*Black-handed Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi - 1617 (from Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru)
*Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus - 82 (from Peru)
*Spider Monkey Ateles sp. - 20 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Dusky Titi Monkey / Red Titi Monkey Callicebus moloch / Callicebus cupreus - 40 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Titi Monkey Callicebus sp. - 134 (from Colombia and Peru)
*White-fronted Capuchin / Cinnamon Ringtail / Ringtail Monkey Cebus albifrons / Cebus aequatorialis - 2221 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru)
*Black-capped Capuchin / Tufted Capuchin Cebus apella / Cebus paraguayanus - 2036 (from Colombia Guyana, Paraguay, Peru)
*White-throated Capuchin / White-faced Ringtail / White-faced Sapajou Cebus capucinus - 1133 (from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru)
*Weeper Capuchin Cebus nigrovittatus [synonym of Cebus olivacea] - 33 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Capuchin Cebus sp. - 196 (from Paraguay)
*Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha / Lagothrix cana - 2226 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru)
*Monk Saki Pithecia monachus - 83 (from Colombia, Guyana, Peru)
*Pale-headed Saki Pithecia pithecia - 1 (from Guyana)
*[Central American] Squirrel Monkey Saimiri oerstedii - 2 (from Nicaragua)
*[Common] Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus - 29,877 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru)

*White-fronted Marmoset Callithrix geoffroyi - 24 (from Brazil)
*Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus - 3 (from Brazil)
*Black-eared Marmoset Callithrix penicillata - 26 (from Brazil)
*Pigmy Marmoset Cebuella pygmaea - 166 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Geoffroy's Tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi - 12 (from Panama)
*Red-mantled Tamarin Saguinus illigeri [now treated as a subspecies of S.fuscicollis] - 293 (from Peru)
*Moustached Tamarin Saguinus mystax - 863 (from Colombia and Peru - the authors note that the 735 individuals from Colombia may have been misidentified because that species does not occur in the country of origin)
*White-lipped Tamarin [Black-mantled Tamarin] Saguinus nigricollis - 1787 (from Colombia, Guyana, Peru - the authors note that the 982 individuals from Colombia may have been misidentified because that species does not occur in the country of origin)
*Cotton-top Marmoset [Cottontop Tamarin] Saguinus oedipus / Oedipodimas oedipus - 2374 (from Brazil, Colombia, Peru - the authors note that the 300 individuals from Brazil may have been misidentified because that species does not occur in the country of origin)
*Negro Marmoset Saguinus tamarin [erroneous synonym for the Black Tamarin S. niger] - 1 (from Honduras)
[Note: this species is endemic to Brazil; there are no callitrichids found in Honduras; and the only callitrichid found anywhere in Central America is Geoffroy's Tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi]
*Marmoset [no scientific name given] - 3 (from Peru)

*Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus atys / Cercocebus fuliginosus - 4 (from Ghana and Liberia)
*Grivet Monkey / African Green Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops [now Chlorocebus aethiops] - 2211 (from Ethiopia and Somalia)
*Redtail Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius - 6 (from Kenya)
*Diana Monkey Cercopithecus diana - 37 (from Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone)
*Mona Monkey / Mona Guenon Cercopithecus mona - 21 (from Dahomey [Benin], England, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone)
*De Brazza's Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus - 3 (from Kenya)
*Spot-nosed Monkey / Putty-nosed Monkey / White-nosed Monkey / Spot-nosed Guenon Cercopithecus nictitans - 25 (from Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone)
*Allen's Swamp Monkey Cercopithecus nigroviridis [now Allenopithecus nigroviridis] - 3 (from England)
*Lesser Spot-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus petaurista - 2 (from Ghana)
*Vervet Monkey / African Green Monkey Cercopithecus pygerythrus [now Chlorocebus pygerythrus] - 606 (from Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania - the authors note that most of these imported animals were listed as C. aethiops and they have separated them on distribution)
*Green Monkey Cercopithecus sabaeus [now Chlorocebus sabaeus] - 6 (from Ghana and Sierra Leone - the authors note that most of these imported animals were listed as C. aethiops and they have separated them on distribution)
Monkey Cercopithecus sp. - 15 (from Ethiopia)
*Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza - 7 (from Kenya)
*Colobus Monkey Colobus sp. - 6 (from Kenya)
*Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas - 105 (from Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan)
*Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides / Macaca speciosa - 1207 (from Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand)
*Formosan Rock Macaque [Taiwan Macaque] Macaca cyclopis - 20 (from Taiwan)
*Crab-eating Macaque / Cynomolgus Monkey / Java Macaque / Longtail Macaque Macaca fascicularis / Macaca irus - 1727 (from Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand)
*Celebes Macaque [Moor Macaque] Macaca maura - 6 (from Singapore)
*Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta - 22,097 (from England, India, Laos, Pakistan, South Vietnam, Thailand)
*Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina - 436 (from Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand)
[Note that this species has since been split into Northern Pig-tailed Macaque M. leonina and Southern Pig-tailed Macaque M. nemestrina. The animals from Laos and Thailand were probably leonina, and the rest nemestrina.]
*Celebes Black Ape [Crested Black Macaque] Macaca nigra / Cynopithecus niger - 5 (from Singapore)
*Bonnet Monkey Macaca radiata - 28 (from India)
*Lion-tailed Macaque Macaca silenus - 2 (from India)
*Barbary Ape Macaca sylvana - 5 (from Morocco)
*Swart Macaque / Swart Monkey / Swartz Macaca sp. - 34 (from Thailand)
*Proboscis Monkey Nasalis larvatus - 2 (from Indonesia)
*Olive Baboon Papio anubis / P. a. doguera - 751 (from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, Tanzania, and "unknown")
*Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus - 260 (from Kenya and Tanzania)
*Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas - 22 (from Ethiopia and the Netherlands)
*Guinea Baboon Papio papio - 32 (from Senegal)
*Baboon Papio sp. - 27 (from Kenya)
*Silvered Leaf Monkey Presbytis cristatus [now Trachypithecus cristatus] - 35 (from Singapore and Thailand)
[Note: the latter country's exports are perhaps more likely to have been the Indochinese Silvered Langur T. germaini, which at that time was included within T. cristatus.]
*Hanuman Langur Presbytis entellus [now Semnopithecus entellus] - 20 (from Indonesia and Thailand)
[Note: given that Hanuman Langurs are native only to the Indian subcontinent these may be misidentifications, however both Jakarta and Bangkok were hubs for the international wildlife trade at the time, and the 1972 list specifically says of a Thailand export that "These animals were stated to have originally come from India".]
*Banded Leaf Monkey Presbytis melalophos - 2 (from Malaysia)
[Note: in current taxonomy, the Banded Leaf Monkey of Malaysia is Presbytis femoralis while the name Presbytis melalophos belongs to the Mitred Leaf Monkey of Sumatra; but P. femoralis has been treated as a subspecies of P. melalophos in the past.]
*Dusky Langur / Spectacled Langur Presbytis obscurus [now Trachypithecus obscurus] - 10 (from Malaysia and Thailand)
*Douc Langur Pygathris nemaeus [at this time treated as a single species] - 5 (from Thailand)
*Gelada Baboon Theropithecus gelada - 20 (from Ethiopia)

*Dark-handed [Agile] Gibbon Hylobates agilis - 29 (from Laos)
[Note: the Agile Gibbon is from Sumatra and Malaysia; these were probably White-cheeked Gibbons Nomascus sp..]
*Black Gibbon / White-cheeked Gibbon Hylobates concolor [now Nomascus concolor, and also now split into multiple species] - 34 (from Laos and Singapore)
*White-handed [Lar] Gibbon Hylobates lar - 27(from Laos and Singapore)
*Siamang Gibbon Hylobates syndactylus / Symphalangus syndactylus - 43 (from Singapore and Thailand)
*Gibbon Hylobates sp. - 6 (from Laos)

*Chimpanzee Chimpansee troglodytes / Pan troglodytes / Anthropithecus troglodytes - 205 (from Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and "unknown")
*Gorilla Gorilla gorilla / G. g. gorilla - 5 (from Congo, Israel, West Germany)
*Orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus - 1 (from the Netherlands)

*[Unidentifiable Primates] - 45 (from Colombia, Kenya, Laos, Thailand)
["These include all primates whose names on the import forms were so inadequate (e.g. "monkey" with no scientific name listed) that we could not assign them to any family."]


EDENTATES

*Silky Anteater Cyclopes didactylus - 5 (from Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad)
*Giant Anteater / Greater Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla / Myrmecophaga jubata - 75 (from Colombia, Guyana, Peru)
*Tamandua / Lesser Anteater Tamandua tetradactyla - 409 (from Colombia, Honduras, Peru)
[Note: currently there are two species of tamandua recognised, the Northern Tamandua Tamandua mexicana and Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Until 1975 the two species were considered conspecific. Only the Northern Tamandua is found in Honduras (in Central America), but both species occur in separate parts of Colombia and Peru.]

*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus infuscatus [now a subspecies of B. variegatus] - 28 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru)
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus didactylus - 15 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Two-toed Sloth / Hoffmann's Sloth Choloepus hoffmanni - 17 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru)

*Naked-tailed Armadillo Cabassous centralis - 12 (from Honduras)
*Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus - 45 (from Paraguay)
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus - 13 (from British Honduras [Belize], Mexico, Trinidad)
*Seven-banded Armadillo Dasypus septemcinctus - 2 (from Argentina)
*[Southern] Three-banded Armadillo Tolypeutes matacus - 8 (from Argentina)
*Armadillo [no scientific name given] - 5 (from Guyana, Paraguay, Peru)


PANGOLINS

*Malayan Pangolin Manis javanica - 13 (from Thailand)
*Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla - 1 (from Thailand)
*African Tree Pangolin Manis tricuspis [now Phataginus tricuspis] - 1 (from Cameroon)
*Pangolin Manis sp. - 8 (from Thailand)


LAGOMORPHS

*Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus - 60 (from Canada)


RODENTS

*Black Flying Squirrel Aeromys sp. - 6 (from Thailand)
*Finlayson's Squirrel Callosciurus finlaysoni - 8 (from Thailand)
*Prevost's Squirrel Callosciurus prevosti - 4 (from Thailand)
*Beautiful Squirrel Callosciurus sp. - 136 (from Thailand)
[Note: "Beautiful Squirrel" is a direct translation of the scientific name Callosciurus, of which there are numerous species.]
*Yellow-bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris - 4 (from Canada)
*Berdmore's Squirrel Menetes berdmorei - 1 (from Thailand)
*Common Giant Flying Squirrel Petaurista petaurista] - 1 (from Thailand)
*Dwarf Flying Squirrel Petinomys setosus / Petinomys phipsoni - 30 (from Thailand)
*Malayan Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor - 2 (from Thailand)
*Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica - 1 (from Thailand)
*Tropical Red Squirrel Sciurus granatensis - 246 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua)
*Variegated Squirrel / Silver Squirrel Sciurus variegatoides - 82 (from Honduras and Nicaragua)
*Squirrel Sciurus sp. - 37 (from Colombia and Honduras)
*Squirrel [no scientific name given] - 86 (from Thailand)
*Flying Squirrel [no scientific name given] - 102 (from Thailand)

*Kangaroo Rat Dipodomys sp. - 1 (from Mexico)
*Spiny Pocket Mouse Perognathus spinatus - 12 (from Mexico)
*Pocket Mouse Perognathus sp. - 7 (from Mexico)

*African Jumping Hare / Spring Hare Pedetes capensis - 14 (from Botswana and Tanzania)

*Gerbil Meriones sp. - 30 (from Israel)
*Wood Rat Neotoma sp. - 1 (from Mexico)
*Angel Island Mouse Peromyscus guardia / P. g. guardia / P. g. interparietalis - 22 (from Mexico)
*Deer Mouse Peromyscus sp. - 9 (from Costa Rica and Mexico)
*Brown Mouse Scotinomys sp. - 5 (from Costa Rica)
*Climbing Rat Tylomys sp. - 4 (from Panama)

*Pacific Rat Rattus exulans - 290 (from Hawaii)

*[Asian] Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus - 1 (from Thailand)
*Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyurum [typo for brachyura] - 4 (from Thailand)
*African Porcupine Hystrix galeata [synonym of Hystrix cristata] - 1 (from Kenya)
*Porcupine [no scientific name given] - 11 (from Malaysia and Thailand)

*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou bicolor - 10 (from Peru)
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou mexicanus - 14 (from Honduras and Nicaragua)
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou sp. - 11 (from Colombia)

*Guinea Pig Cavia porcellus - 20 (from Canada)
*Guinea Pig Cavia sp. - 10 (from Peru)

*Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris / Hydrochaeris capybara - 172 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru)

*Pacarana Dinomys branickii - 5

*[Lowland] Paca Agouti paca / Cuniculus paca - 57 (from Colombia, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru)
*[Red-rumped / Brazilian] Agouti Dasyprocta aguti [synonym for D. leporina] - 28 (from Guyana, Panama, Peru - note that this species is not found in either Panama or Peru and these records are likely to be imports of the Central American Agouti D. punctata]
*[Black] Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa - 144 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru)
*Agouti Dasyprocta sp. - 36 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Acushi [Acuchi / Acouchi] Myoprocta sp. - 23 (from Peru)

*Viscacha Lagostomus / Lagidium sp. - 4 (from Argentina)
*[Northern Mountain] Viscacha Lagidium peruanum - 3 (from Bolivia)

*Brush-tailed Rat [Mountain Degu] Octodontomys gliroides - 5 (from Bolivia)

*Armored Rat Hoplomys gymnurus - 7 (from Panama)


CETACEANS

*Gray Whale Eschrichtius gibbosus [synonym of Eschrichtius robustus] - 1 (from Mexico)

*Amazon Dolphin Inia geoffrensis - 4 (from Brazil and Peru)

*Killer Whale Orcinus orca - 1 (from Canada)
*Gill's Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops gillii [now Tursiops truncatus gillii] - 11 (from Mexico)


CARNIVORA

*Domestic Dog Canis familiaris - 1 (from Ghana)
*Coyote Canis latrans - 5 (from Canada)
*Gray Wolf Canis lupus - 5 (from Canada)
*Savanna Fox [Crab-eating Fox] Cerdocyon thous - 4 (from Colombia)
*Maned Wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus - 3 (from Denmark and West Germany)
*Fennec Fox Fennecus zerda [now Vulpes zerda] - 18 (from Italy, Libya, the Netherlands)
*African Hunting Dog Lycaon pictus - 3 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Aardwolf Proteles cristatus - 1 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Bush Dog Speothos venaticus - 2 (from Guyana)

*Malayan Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus - 29 (from Laos, Singapore, Thailand)
*Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus - 5 (from India)
*Asiatic Black Bear / Himalayan Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus / Ursus thibetanus - 27 (from India and Thailand)
*Bear Melursus / Selenarctos - 2 (from India)
*American Black Bear Ursus americanus - 5 (from Canada)
*Brown Bear Ursus arctos - 2 (from the USSR)
*Polar Bear Ursus maritimus - 5 (from Canada and "unknown")

*Lesser Panda [Red Panda] Ailurus fulgens - 17 (from India)
*Cacomistle Bassaricyon sumichrasti / Jentinkia sumichrasti - 3 (from British Honduras [Belize] and Honduras)
*Coati Nasua nasua / Nasua narica - 1129 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and "unknown")
[Note: there are two species combined here, the Brown-nosed or South American Coati Nasua nasua and the White-nosed Coati Nasua narica.]
*Little Coati [Mountain Coati] Nasuella olivacea - 3 (from Guyana)
[Note: Guyana is well outside the range of the Mountain Coati, so this may be a misidentification]
*Kinkajou / Honeybear / Mico Leon Potos flavus - 556 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru)
*Crab-eating Raccoon Procyon cancrivorus / Procyon lotor - 961 (from Colombia, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua - the authors note that 951 of these animals were from Colombia and Guyana, and therefore well outside the range of Procyon lotor although that was the name they were imported under.)
*[Common] Raccoon Procyon lotor - 34 (from Honduras and Nicaragua)

*Oriental Small-clawed Otter Amblonyx cinerea - 79 (from Malaysia and Thailand)
*Tayra Eira barbara - 50 (from Colombia, Honduras, Peru)
*Grison Galictis vittata - 43 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru)
*Grison Galictis sp. - 2 (from Paraguay)
*Wolverine Gulo gulo - 1 (from Canada)
*Southern River Otter Lutra annectens [now Lontra longicaudis annectens] - 5 (from Colombia)
*Old World River Otter [Eurasian Otter] Lutra lutra - 8 (from Thailand)
*Spotted-necked Otter Lutra maculicollis [now Hydrictis maculicollis] - 1 (from Uganda)
*Otter Lutra sp. - 28 (from Peru and Thailand)
*Striped Skunk Mephitis macroura - 1 (from Honduras)
*Ermine Mustela erminea - 3 (from Canada)
*Giant Otter Pteronura brasiliensis - 1 (from Colombia)

*Binturong Arctictis binturong - 2 (from Thailand)
*Ring-tailed Mongoose Galidia elegans - 2 (from Madagascar)
*Genet Genetta sp. - 1 (from Liberia
*Dwarf Mongoose Helogale parvula - 1 (from Kenya)
*Banded Palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus - 1 (from Thailand)
*[Small Indian] Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus - 26 (from the Virgin Islands)
*Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata - 6 (from Thailand)
*Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus - 80 (from Indonesia and Thailand)
*Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang - 3 (from Thailand)
*Lesser Oriental Civet Viverricula indica - 37 (from Indonesia and Thailand)

[Note: for the Felidae I have simply retained the genera used on the list rather than annotating each species]
*Cheetah Acinonys jubatus - 15 (from Somalia, SW Africa [Namibia], Tanzania, West Germany)
*[African] Golden Cat Felis aurata - 1 (from Liberia)
*Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis - 204 (from Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Singapore, Thailand, and "unknown")
*Domestic Cat Felis catus - 3 (from Taiwan and Thailand)
*Jungle Cat Felis chaus - 5 (from Thailand)
*Puma / Cougar / Mountain Lion Felis concolor - 40 (from Argentina, British Honduras [Belize], Canada, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Virgin Islands)
*Geoffroy's Cat Felis geoffroyi - 13 (from Paraguay)
*Marbled Cat Felis marmorata - 1 (from Malaysia)
*Ocelot Felis pardalis - 359 (from Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru)
*Flat-headed Cat Felis planiceps - 3 (from Malaysia and Singapore)
*Serval Felis serval - 1 (from Kenya)
*Temminck's Golden Cat Felis temmincki - 4 (from Thailand)
*Margay Felis wiedii - 65 (from Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru)
*Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi / Herpailurus yagouaroundi - 181 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru)
*Cat Felis sp. - 5 (from Bolivia, British Honduras [Belize], India, Thailand)
*Lion Leo leo - 17 (from England, Jamaica, Kenya, and "unknown")
*Jaguar Leo onca / Felis onca / Panthera onca - 14 (from British Honduras [Belize], Canada, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru)
*Leopard Leo pardus / L. p. japonensis - 10 (from Canada, Denmark, Laos, the Netherlands, Thailand)
*Tiger Leo tigris / Panthera tigris - 2 (from Canada and Malaysia)
*Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis - 2 (from Canada)
*Caracal Lynx caracal - 2 (from Somalia)
*Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa - 2 (from Denmark and Malaysia)
*Snow Leopard Uncia uncia - 5 (from Denmark, the Netherlands, and the USSR)


PINNIPEDS

*African Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus - 10 (from South Africa)
*California Sea Lion Zalophus californianus - 20 (from Mexico)

*[Northern] Elephant Seal Mirounga angustirostris - 6 (from Mexico)
*Baikal Seal Pusa sibirica - 5 (from West Germany)


ELEPHANTS

*Indian Elephant Elephas maximus - 41 (from Cambodia and Thailand)
*African Elephant Loxodonta africana - 26 (from Kenya and Rhodesia [Zimbabwe])


HYRAXES

*Tree Hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis - 2 (from Dahomey [Benin])
*Rock Hyrax Heterohyrax syriacus [synonym of Heterohyrax brucei] - 15 (from Canada and Ethiopia)
*Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis - 16 (from Kenya and SW Africa [Namibia])


PERISSODACTYLS

*Burchell's Zebra / Grant's Zebra Equus burchellii - 74 (from Kenya, SW Africa [Namibia], and "unknown")
*Grevy's Zebra Equus grevyi - 17 (from Kenya)
*Mountain Zebra / Hartmann's Zebra Equus zebra - 18 (from SW Africa [Namibia])

*Asian Tapir / Malayan Tapir Tapir indicus - 3 (from Denmark and Laos)
*Brazilian Tapir Tapirus terrestris - 2 (from Peru)

*White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum - 14 (from SW Africa [Namibia] and West Germany)
*African Black Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis - 1 (from Kenya)


ARTIODACTYLS

*Pigmy Hippopotamus Chloeropsis liberiensis - 3 (from Denmark and Liberia)

*Dromedary Camel Camelus dromedarius - 42 (from Australia)
*Guanaco i]Lama guanaco[/i] - 3 (from Canada)
*Alpaca Lama pacos - 1 (from Canada)

*Red Deer Cervus elaphus - 3 (from West Germany)
*Eld Deer Cervus eldi - 1 (from West Germany)
*Sika Deer / Formosan Sika Deer Cervus nippon / C. n. taiouanus - 6 (from Canada and West Germany)
*Pere David's Deer Elaphurus davidianus - 2 (from Canada)
*Brocket Deer Mazama americana - 7 (from Mexico)
*Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus - 16 (from Canada)
*White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus - 39 (from Canada and Guatemala)
*Caribou / Reindeer Rangifer tarandus - 5 (from Canada)

*Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis - 7 (from Australia and SW Africa [Namibia])

*Impala Aepyceros melampus / A. m. melampus - 5 (from SW Africa [Namibia] and "unknown")
*Red Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus / Alcelaphus caama - 3 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Springbuck [Springbok] Antidorcas marsupialis - 3 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Gaur Bos gaurus - 3 (from West Germany)
*Ibex Capra ibex - 3 (from West Germany)
*Bontebok Damaliscus albifrons - 1 (from West Germany)
*Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus - 14 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger - 7 (from SW Africa [Namibia] and West Germany)
*Common Waterbuck Kobus ellipsyprymnus - 1 (from "unknown")
*Red Goral Naemorhedus goral - 1 (from West Germany)
*Domestic Sheep Ovis aries - 3 (from Canada)
*Dall's Sheep Ovis dalli - 2 (from "unknown")
*Reedbuck Redunca redunca - 2 (from "unknown")
*Eland Taurotragus oryx - 5 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Nyala Tragelaphus angasi - 2 (from "unknown")
*Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus - 2 (from "unknown")
*Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros - 9 (from SW Africa [Namibia], West Germany, and "unknown")


UNKNOWN
[Mammals for which the identity could not be determined from the name on the import declaration]
- 13 records (2 from Colombia, 1 from Guyana, 10 from SW Africa [Namibia])

 

[Jurek7]

Thanks for sharing! What a variety of medium-sized mammals which are now absent from American zoos! With current standards of animal care and breeding, one year of imports would overfill American zoos already.

Just to add to the confusion: is it possible that origin of some animals was the location of the exporting company/transit port, not the animal origin?

 

[Chlidonias]

Just to add to the confusion: is it possible that origin of some animals was the location of the exporting company/transit port, not the animal origin?

Yes - for example, "West Germany" is the origin for a number of exotic species in the 1971 list, and places such as Singapore and Jakarta were hubs for the wildlife trade.

 

[Great Argus]

These lists are quite interesting on both variety of species and the number imported! A number of species listed have not been kept in US zoos for a great many years now, a few of them perhaps never made it there. The numbers are incredible too, where were all the tamanduas and sloths going? Let alone the Crab-eating Raccoons?

Also noteworthy are the astonishing numbers of South American primates, as aforementioned... looking at the high import numbers of some endangered species, makes one wonder if overcollection for research facilities was/is as much a problem with the species' survival as habitat loss...

 

[Chlidonias]

The numbers are incredible too, where were all the tamanduas and sloths going? Let alone the Crab-eating Raccoons?

The numbers of sloths and tamanduas are a bother to me also. I can't imagine they were being imported in those numbers for zoos, and pets seems very unlikely, so labs is the only other reason I can think of. I could suggest using them for studying disease or metabolism. However the numbers show around 2000 tamanduas and 600 sloths being imported between 1968 and 1972, which is a lot!

For the raccoons, some googling showed they were being used for psychology experiments in the early 20th century but I couldn't see much else. However, rabies research would be a likely reason for importing so many thousands of them, and the 60s and 70s was when there was a lot of progress being made in rabies vaccines. Fur farming might also be a possibility.

 

[Chlidonias]

Also noteworthy are the astonishing numbers of South American primates, as aforementioned... looking at the high import numbers of some endangered species, makes one wonder if overcollection for research facilities was/is as much a problem with the species' survival as habitat loss...

I read somewhere - I can't remember where now - but with callitrichids the species used in research labs changed over time. When a species was so depleted in the wild that the numbers couldn't be obtained any more, a different species would take over as the favoured lab animal, and then a different species, and so on.

 

[Onychorhynchus coronatus]

The numbers of sloths and tamanduas are a bother to me also. I can't imagine they were being imported in those numbers for zoos, and pets seems very unlikely, so labs is the only other reason I can think of. I could suggest using them for studying disease or metabolism. However the numbers show around 2000 tamanduas and 600 sloths being imported between 1968 and 1972, which is a lot!

For the raccoons, some googling showed they were being used for psychology experiments in the early 20th century but I couldn't see much else. However, rabies research would be a likely reason for importing so many thousands of them, and the 60s and 70s was when there was a lot of progress being made in rabies vaccines. Fur farming might also be a possibility.

Personally I've never heard of either sloths or tamanduas being exported from Mexico , Central or South America for use in biomedical research. I think there would be costly challenges for their husbandry / management under captive conditions in laboratories too.

But after having done a quick google search it seems that sloths are apparently of scientific interest because of the fungi that grows in their fur. This has bioactive properties against parasites / diseases/ infections which is becoming more and more relevant with the antibiotic resistance on the horizon.

Fungi in sloth fur could have a wide variety of disease-fighting implications

It could well be that at least some of these sloths are being exported ( and have been historically ?) for biomedical research for this reason.

 

[Great Argus]

I read somewhere - I can't remember where now - but with callitrichids the species used in research labs changed over time. When a species was so depleted in the wild that the numbers couldn't be obtained any more, a different species would take over as the favoured lab animal, and then a different species, and so on.

Wow, that's terrible...

 

[Chlidonias]

MAMMALS IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1972
(Compiled by Roger B. Clapp)


The report can be viewed on the website of the Hathi Trust Digital Library, here: Mammals imported into the United States. 1972 (r:181).

It is also available online via Google Books. I haven't given a link because results for Google Books works differently per country, but if you Google "Clapp Mammals Imported into the United States 1972" you should be able to find it for additional information.


In the year 1972 at least 271 mammal species were imported into the USA, with 90,457 individual mammals in total. Of the species listed on import declarations, 49 individual mammals could not be identified at all by the list compiler from the names used on the forms. A number of species could also not be identified further than a general name (e.g. "squirrels").

I have retained the common and scientific names as used in the document. In some cases two or three common names are provided as alternatives, and sometimes a second scientific name is added as a synonym. Obviously there have been many nomenclatural changes in the last fifty years. In some cases no scientific name has been provided (because of the very general common name used on the import form). The number given after the species name is how many individuals were recorded as being declared for importation during this year.

In this year's listings, the countries of origin for imported mammals are also listed. I have included these in my list as well.

Any comments of my own are in brackets - these are usually providing the more common current name for clarity, or to explain certain listings further.


.........................................................................................


MONOTREMES

*Spiny Anteater [Short-beaked Echidna] Tachyglossus aculeatus - 4 (from Australia)


MARSUPIALS

*Woolly Opossum Caluromys derbianus - 12 (from Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua)
*Black-shouldered Opossum Caluromysiops irrupta - 1 (from Peru)
*Water Opossum [Yapok] Chironectes minimus - 20 (from Panama)
*Murine Opossum [Mouse Opossum] Marmosa sp. - 1234 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru - 1167 of the total were imported from Colombia)
*Brown Four-eyed Opossum Metachirus nudicaudatus - 2 (from Panama)

*Spotted Cus Cus Phalanger maculatus - 1 (from Singapore)
*[Northern Common] Cus Cus Phalanger orientalis - 12 (from the Solomon Islands)
*Brush-tailed Possum Trichosurus vulpecula - 5 (from New Zealand)

*Brush-tailed Rat Kangaroo Bettongia penicillata - 4 (from Australia)
*Doria's Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus dorianus - 2 (from New Guinea)
*Goodfellow's Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus goodfellowi - 5 (from New Guinea)
*Grizzled Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus inustus - 4 (from Singapore)
*Matschie's Tree Kangaroo Dendrolagus matschiei - 3 (from New Guinea)
*New Guinean Forest Mountain Wallaby Dorcopsulus macleayi - 4 (from New Guinea)
*Agile Wallaby / Sandy Wallaby Macropus agilis - 9 (from Australia and Hong Kong)
*Scrub Wallaby / Dama Wallaby Macropus eugenii / Wallabia eugenii / Protemnodon eugenii - 166 (from Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Singapore - 154 of the animals came from New Zealand, where they have been introduced to the wild, and the Singapore ones were also noted as having originated in New Zealand.)
*Red-necked Wallaby / Bennett's Wallaby Macropus rufogriseus / Macropus ruficollis / Wallabia rufogrisea - 47 (from Canada, England, Indonesia, New Zealand)
[Note: of the "Red-necked Wallabies", 38 were imported from Indonesia which seems unlikely, so as I also suggested in the 1971 list those may have actually been a species of pademelon from New Guinea instead]
*Euro [Common Wallaroo] Macropus robustus - 4 (from Australia)
*Wallaby [Macropus sp. - 32 (from Australia, Canada, Singapore)
*Red Kangaroo Megaleia rufa [synonym of Macropus rufus] - 3 (from Australia)
*[Brush-tailed] Rock Wallaby Petrogale penicillata - 4 (from New Zealand)
*Scrub Wallaby [Dusky Pademelon] Thylogale bruijni - 22 (from Singapore)
*Swamp Wallaby / Black-tailed Wallaby Wallabia bicolor - 7 (from Australia and New Zealand)
*Kangaroo [no scientific name given] - 1 (from Canada)


INSECTIVORES
[Note: at the time Insectivora was a bit of a dumping ground for oddball mammals - here I have retained their grouping which includes hedgehogs, elephant shrews, and tree shrews]

*European Hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus - 81 (from Pakistan and West Germany)
[Note: the only hedgehogs which occur in Pakistan are in the genera Hemiechinus and Paraechinus, so the 40 recorded as being imported from there were likely not E. europaeus]
*Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus - 136 (from Pakistan [the only subspecies which occurs there is megalotis (below)])
*Afghan Hedgehog Hemiechinus megalotis [now treated as a subspecies of H. auritus] - 4 (from Pakistan)
*Brandt's Hedgehog Parechinus hypomelas - 5 (from Pakistan)
*Indian Hedgehog Parechinus micropus - 28 (from Pakistan)
*Hedgehog [no scientific name given] - 17 (from Pakistan)

*[North African] Elephant Shrew Elephantulus rozeti - 10 (from Morocco)
*[Rufous] Elephant Shrew Elephantulus rufescens - 19 (from Kenya)

*Common Tree Shrew Tupaia glis - 550 (from Malaysia and Thailand)
[Note: all the years showed large numbers of Common Tree Shrews being imported, so they were probably all destined for research labs. In the case of this year, the majority (530) of the "Tupaia glis" were imported from Thailand which would actually make them Belanger's Tree Shrews Tupaia belangeri, which at the time was treated as a subspecies of Tupaia glis. The 20 remaining animals from Malaysia were likely to have been "true" Tupaia glis.]
*Terrestrial Tree Shrew [Large Tree Shrew] Tupaia tana - 30 (from Malaysia)


BATS

*Gould's Flying Fox [Black Flying Fox] Pteropus gouldii [the Australian subspecies of P. alecto] - 1 (from Australia)
*Grey-headed Flying Fox Pteropus poliocephalus - 4 (from Australia)
*Little Reddish Flying Fox Pteropus scapulatus - 1 (from Australia)
*Malayan Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus - 6 (from Thailand)

*Greater White-lined Bat [Greater Sac-winged Bat] Saccopteryx bilineata - 2 (from Trinidad)

*Geoffroy's Long-nosed Bat [Geoffroy's Tailless Bat] Anoura geoffroyi - 20 (from Trinidad)
*Hairy Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus hirsutus - 18 (from Mexico)
*Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus jamaicensis - 45 (from Mexico)
*Big Fruit-eating Bat Artibeus lituratus - 48 (from Mexico and Trinidad)
[Note: the authors point out that the A. jamaicensis and A. lituratus coming from Mexico were in a mixed shipment and the number is not exact. They list both species at 45 individuals, but I'm not clear on whether that means there were 90 individuals on the declaration form and they just divided it evenly between them, or if the total number was 45 individuals.]
*Short-tailed Fruit Bat Carollia perspicillata - 18 (from Panama and Trinidad)
*Vampire Bat Desmodus rotundus - 24 (from Mexico)
*Greater Spear-nosed Bat Phyllostomus hastatus - 26 (from Trinidad)


PRIMATES
[The taxonomy of Primates has changed massively since the 1960s/70s. A lot of the species listed below have been split into multiple species since then and it would be impossible from a basic list to state which taxa they really were.]

[Of the mammals imported into the USA during 1972, Primates made up almost 86% of total individuals recorded (out of 90,457 mammals in total, 77,638 of them were Primates).]

*Ring-tailed Lemur Lemur catta - 1 (from "unknown")

*Thick-tailed Bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus [now Otolemur crassicaudatus] - 30 (from Kenya and Somalia)
*Senegal Galago / Senegal Bushbaby / Night Ape Galago senegalensis - 158 (from Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Somalia)
[Note: the authors point out that the numbers for the two galago species above are not precise because the Kenya listing was a mixed shipment (they list the former species at 20 individuals under Kenya and the latter species at 19 individuals under Kenya).]
*Slow Loris Nycticebus coucang - 58 (from Thailand)
[Note: if obtained locally, these would have mostly been the Bengal Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis, which at that time was not recognised as a separate species.]

*Black Howler Monkey Alouatta caraya - 4 (from Paraguay)
*Red Howler Monkey Alouatta seniculus - 7 (from Colombia)
*Mantled Howler Monkey Alouatta villosa / Alouatta palliata - 33 (from Colombia, Honduras, Panama)
[Note: Alouatta villosa is a junior synonym of Alouatta pigra; and the list is combining the Guatemalan or Yucatan Black Howler A. pigra and the Mantled Howler A. palliata as a single species.]
*Douroucouli / Owl Monkey / Night Monkey Aotus trivirgatus - 3533 (from Colombia, Ghana, Paraguay, Peru)
[Note: there are six animals listed as being imported from Ghana (which is a country in Africa) - I assume this is either a typo for Guyana, or is actually an import of galagos which at the time were commonly called "night apes")
*Long-haired Spider Monkey Ateles belzebuth - 34 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Brown-headed Spider Monkey Ateles fusciceps - 70 (from Colombia and Panama)
*Black-handed Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi - 1841 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru)
*Black Spider Monkey Ateles paniscus - 122 (from Ecuador and Peru)
*Spider Monkey Ateles sp. - 3 (from Colombia)
*Dusky Titi Monkey / Red Titi Monkey / Brown Titi Monkey Callicebus moloch / Callicebus brunneus / Callicebus cupreus - 24 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Titi Monkey Callicebus sp. - 42 (from Colombia and Peru)
*White-fronted Capuchin / Cinnamon Ringtail / Ringtail Monkey Cebus albifrons / Cebus aequatorialis - 2776 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru)
*Black-capped Capuchin / Tufted Capuchin Cebus apella / Cebus paraguayanus - 1975 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*White-throated Capuchin / White-faced Ringtail / White-faced Sapajou / White-faced Monkey Cebus capucinus - 1209 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru)
*Capuchin Cebus sp. - 102 (from Paraguay and "unknown")
*Red-backed Saki / Black Saki Chiropotes satanus - 6 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Woolly Monkey Lagothrix lagotricha / Lagothrix cana - 2125 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Monk Saki Pithecia monachus - 30 (from Colombia, Guyana, Peru)
*[Common] Squirrel Monkey Saimiri sciureus - 25,293 (from Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru)
*[Central American] Squirrel Monkey Saimiri oerstedii - 4 (from Nicaragua)

*Goeldi's Marmoset Callimico goeldii - 4 (from Peru)
*White-eared Marmoset [Buffy-tufted Marmoset] Callithrix aurita - 48 (from Paraguay)
*Golden Marmoset / Silky Marmoset [Gold and White Marmoset] Callithrix chrysoleuca - 19 (from Colombia)
*Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus - 9 (from Paraguay)
*Marmoset Callithrix sp. - 10 (from Colombia)
*Pigmy Marmoset Cebuella pygmaea - 111 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Geoffroy's Tamarin Saguinus geoffroyi - 11 (from Panama)
*Red-mantled Tamarin Saguinus illigeri [now treated as a subspecies of S.fuscicollis] - 50 (from Peru)
*Moustached Tamarin Saguinus mystax - 1064 (from Colombia and Peru)
[Note: in the previous list (1971) the authors noted that the animals imported from Colombia in that year (735 individuals) may have been misidentified because that species does not occur in the country of origin; this comment is not mentioned on this 1972 list for the current 611 Colombian individuals.]
*White-lipped Tamarin [Black-mantled Tamarin] Saguinus nigricollis - 1933 (from Colombia, Guyana, Peru)
[Note: in the previous list (1971) the authors noted that the animals imported from Colombia in that year (982 individuals) may have been misidentified because that species does not occur in the country of origin; this comment is not mentioned on this 1972 list for the current 1665 Colombian individuals.]
*Cotton-top Marmoset [Cottontop Tamarin] Saguinus oedipus / Oedipodimas oedipus - 2419 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Marmoset Saguinus sp. - 5 (from Colombia)
*Marmoset [no scientific name given] - 63 (from Colombia and Paraguay)

*Sooty Mangabey Cercocebus atys / Cercocebus fuliginosus - 11 (from Ghana and Liberia)
*Grivet Monkey / African Green Monkey Cercopithecus aethiops [now Chlorocebus aethiops] - 2092 (from Ethiopia and Somalia)
*Redtail Monkey Cercopithecus ascanius - 3 (from Liberia)
*Moustached Monkey Cercopithecus cephus - 3 (from Angola and Congo)
*Diana Monkey Cercopithecus diana - 16 (from Liberia, Netherlands, Sierra Leone)
*Mona Monkey / Mona Guenon Cercopithecus mona - 14 (from Liberia and Ghana)
*De Brazza's Monkey Cercopithecus neglectus - 35 (from Congo and Uganda)
*Spot-nosed Monkey Cercopithecus nictitans - 30 (from Congo, Ghana, Uganda)
*Vervet Monkey / African Green Monkey Cercopithecus pygerythrus [now Chlorocebus pygerythrus] - 1180 (from Botswana, Kenya, Tanzania, and "unknown")
*Green Monkey Cercopithecus sabaeus [now Chlorocebus sabaeus] - 2 (from Ghana)
*Talapoin Monkey Cercopithecus talapoin [now Miopithecus talapoin] - 5 (from West Germany)
*Abyssinian Colobus Monkey Colobus guereza / Colobus abyssinicus - 9 (from Ethiopia, Switzerland, Tanzania)
*Patas Monkey Erythrocebus patas - 221 (from England, Ghana, Nigeria)
*Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides - 1676 (from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand)
*Formosan Rock Macaque [Taiwan Macaque] Macaca cyclopis - 15 (from Taiwan)
*Crab-eating Macaque / Cynomolgus Monkey / Long-tailed Monkey / Java Macaque Macaca fascicularis / Macaca cynomolgus / Macaca irus - 1397 (from Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand)
*Celebes Macaque [Moor Macaque] Macaca maura - 1 (from Taiwan)
*Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta - 23,210 (from Bangladesh, Canada, India, Indonesia, Thailand)
*Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca nemestrina - 581 (from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand)
[Note that this species has since been split into Northern Pig-tailed Macaque M. leonina and Southern Pig-tailed Macaque M. nemestrina. The animals from Thailand were probably leonina, and the rest nemestrina.]
*Celebes Black Ape [Crested Black Macaque] Macaca nigra / Cynopithecus niger - 11 (from Canada and Singapore)
*Lion-tailed Macaque / Wanderoo Macaca silenus - 3 (from India and "unknown")
*Macaque Macaca sp. - 39 (from Thailand)
*Olive Baboon / Doguera Baboon Papio anubis / Papio doguera - 1063 (from Canada, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, Somalia, Tanzania)
*Yellow Baboon Papio cynocephalus - 20 (from Tanzania)
*Sacred Baboon / Hamadryas Baboon Papio hamadryas - 89 (from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania)
*Drill Papio leucophaeus / Mandrillus leucophaeus - 1 (from Congo)
*Guinea Baboon Papio papio - 131 (from Ghana, Senegal, and "unknown")
*Mandrill Papio sphinx / Mandrillus sphinx - 4 (from Denmark)
*Baboon Papio sp. - 20 (from Kenya)
*Silvered Leaf Monkey / Silver Langur Presbytis cristatus [now Trachypithecus cristatus] - 34 (from Singapore and Thailand)
[Note: the latter country's exports are perhaps more likely to have been the Indochinese Silvered Langur T. germaini, which at that time was included within T. cristatus.]
*Hanuman Langur Presbytis entellus [now Semnopithecus entellus] - 12 (from Thailand)
[Note: "These animals were stated to have originally come from India"]
*Dusky Leaf Monkey / Spectacled Langur Presbytis obscurus [now Trachypithecus obscurus] - 24 (from Singapore and Thailand)
*Purple-faced Langur Presbytis senex [synonym of Trachypithecus vetulus] - 1 (from Ceylon [Sri Lanka])
*Langur Presbytis sp. [probably more likely to be either a Semnopithecus or Trachypithecus species] - 3 (from Singapore and Thailand)
*Gelada Baboon Theropithecus gelada - 3 (from Ethiopia)

*Black Gibbon / White-cheeked Gibbon Hylobates concolor [now Nomascus concolor, and also now split into multiple species] - 11 (from Hong Kong, Laos, Singapore, Thailand)
*White-handed [Lar] Gibbon Hylobates lar - 86 (from Denmark, Laos, Singapore, Thailand - 30 of these animals came from Denmark but were stated to have been imported there from Laos)
*Siamang Gibbon Hylobates syndactylus / Symphalangus syndactylus - 85 (from Denmark and Singapore - only two of the animals were from Denmark and they were stated to have been imported there from Laos)
*Gibbon Hylobates sp. - 32 (from Singapore and Thailand)

*Chimpanzee Chimpansee troglodytes / Pan troglodytes / Anthropithecus troglodytes / Pan satyrus / Pan paniscus - 234 (from Canada, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Thailand, West Germany)
[Note the inclusion of the scientific name Pan paniscus, presumably used here as a synonym but actually the Bonobo]
*Orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus - 2 (from Canada and West Germany)

*[Unidentifiable Primates] - 2 (from Brazil)


EDENTATES

*Giant Anteater / Greater Anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla / Myrmecophaga jubata - 60 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Tamandua / Lesser Anteater Tamandua tetradactyla - 547 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru)
[Note: currently there are two species of tamandua recognised, the Northern Tamandua Tamandua mexicana and Southern Tamandua Tamandua tetradactyla. Until 1975 the two species were considered conspecific. Only the Northern Tamandua is found in Honduras and Nicaragua (in Central America) and only the Southern Tamandua is found in Paraguay, but both species occur in separate parts of Colombia and Peru.]

*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus infuscatus [now a subspecies of B. variegatus] - 54 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru)
*Three-toed Sloth [Maned Sloth] Bradypus torquatus - 3 (from Peru)
[Note: as currently recognised, B. torquatus is endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, so this may be a listing using an older taxonomic classification]
*Three-toed Sloth Bradypus tridactylus - 26 (from Colombia and Guyana)
*Two-toed Sloth Choloepus didactylus - 23 (from Colombia and Guyana)
*Two-toed Sloth / Hoffmann's Sloth Choloepus hoffmanni - 21 (from Colombia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru)
*Sloth [no scientific name given] - 1 (from Colombia)

*Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus - 26 (from Argentina and Paraguay)
*Hairy Armadillo Chaetophractus villosus - 4 (from Paraguay)
*Nine-banded Armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus - 7 (from Mexico and Paraguay)
*Six-banded Armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus - 6 (from Paraguay and Peru)
*Giant Armadillo Priodontes giganteus [synonym of Priodontes maximus] - 1 (from Guyana)
*[Southern] Three-banded Armadillo / La Plata Armadillo Tolypeutes matacus - 43 (from Argentina and Paraguay)
*Pichi Armadillo Zaedyus pichiy - 14 (from Argentina and Paraguay)
*Armadillo [no scientific name given] - 32 (from Argentina, Guyana, Paraguay)


PANGOLINS

*Malayan Pangolin / Scaly Anteater Manis javanica - 33 (from Singapore and Thailand)


LAGOMORPHS

*Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus - 60 (from Canada)
*European Hare Lepus europaeus - 15 (from West Germany)
*Old World Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus - 27 (from England and West Germany)
[Note: these would presumably have been domestic rabbits]


RODENTS

*Golden-backed Squirrel [Grey-bellied Squirrel] Callosciurus caniceps - 2 (from Thailand)
*Black Squirrel Callosciurus germaini [a subspecies of Callosciurus finlaysonii] - 2 (from Thailand)
*Finlayson's Squirrel Callosciurus finlaysoni - 31 (from Thailand)
*Swinhoe's Striped Squirrel Callosciurus swinhoei / Tamiops swinhoei - 6 (from Thailand)
*Beautiful Squirrel / Tri-colored Squirrel Callosciurus sp. - 96 (from Thailand)
[Note: "Beautiful Squirrel" is a direct translation of the scientific name Callosciurus, of which there are numerous species; and "Tri-colored Squirrel" is a common name for Prevost's Squirrel Callosciurus prevosti]
*Northern Palm Squirrel Funambulus pennanti - 2 (from Pakistan)
*Red and White Flying Squirrel Petaurista alborufus] - 10 (from Thailand)
*Dwarf Flying Squirrel Petinomys setosus / Petinomys phipsoni - 10 (from Thailand)
*Malayan Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor - 23 (from Thailand)
*Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica - 5 (from Thailand)
*Tropical Red Squirrel Sciurus granatensis - 484 (from Colombia and Nicaragua)
*Variegated Squirrel / Silver Squirrel Sciurus variegatoides - 26 (from Honduras and Nicaragua)
*Squirrel Sciurus sp. - 42 (from Colombia and Honduras)
*Squirrel [no scientific name given] - 60 (from Ghana and Thailand)
*Flying Squirrel [no scientific name given] - 2 (from Thailand)

*African Jumping Hare / Spring Hare Pedetes capensis / Pedetes cafer - 24 (from Botswana)

*Vesper Mouse Calomys callosus - 6 (from Panama)
[Note: Central America is far north of the distribution of this species, but a quick Google showed that lab stocks were established in Panama in 1963]
*Sand Rat [Gerbil] Gerbillus sp. - 81 (from Morocco)
*Sand Rat [Libyan Jird] Meriones libycus - 7 (from Morocco)
*Fat-tailed Gerbil Pachyuromys duprasi - 1 (from Morocco)
*Indian Gerbil Tatera indica - 8 (from Pakistan)
*Gerbil [no scientific name given] - 2 (from Pakistan)

*Egyptian Spiny Mouse Acomys cahirinus - 12 (from "unknown")
*Golden Spiny Mouse Acomys russatus - 11 (from "unknown")
[Note: the compiler of the list says that the numbers for the two Acomys species are imprecise because it was a mixed shipment]
*House Mouse Mus musculus - 2512 (from Canada, England, Scotland)
*Pacific Rat Rattus exulans - 30 (from Hawaii)
*Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus - 262 (from Argentina, Canada, France)

*Small Five-toed Jerboa Allactaga elator - 6 (from Pakistan)
*Blanford's Jerboa Jaculus blanfordi - 25 (from Pakistan)

*[Asian] Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus - 2 (from Thailand)
*Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyurum [typo for brachyura] - 1 (from Thailand)
*Porcupine [no scientific name given] - 22 (from Ethiopia and Thailand)

*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou bicolor - 4 (from Peru)
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou mexicanus - 42 (from Honduras and Nicaragua)
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou prehensilis - 2 (from Guyana)
*Prehensile-tailed Porcupine Coendou sp. - 3 (from Colombia)
*Porcupine [no scientific name given] - 1 (from Colombia)

*Guinea Pig Cavia porcellus - 54 (from Peru)
*Mara Dolichotus patagona [typo for patagonum] - 10 (from Argentina)

*Capybara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris / Hydrochaeris capybara - 270 (from Argentina, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)

*[Lowland] Paca Agouti paca / Cuniculus paca - 27 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru)
*[Red-rumped / Brazilian] Agouti Dasyprocta aguti [synonym for D. leporina] - 24 (from Colombia and Peru - note that this species is not found in either of these countries and these records are likely to be imports of D. punctata]
*[Black] Agouti Dasyprocta fuliginosa - 131 (from Colombia, Guyana, Peru)
*[Central American] Agouti Dasyprocta punctata - 20 (from Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru)
*Agouti Dasyprocta sp. - 13 (from Paraguay and Peru)
*Acushi [Acuchi / Acouchi] Myoprocta sp. - 12 (from Peru)

*Chinchilla Chinchilla laniger - 26 (from Canada)


CETACEANS

*Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops truncatus - (from Belgium)


CARNIVORA

*Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus - 2 (from Canada)
*Coyote Canis latrans - 8 (from Canada)
*Gray Wolf Canis lupus - 15 (from Canada)
*Wolf [no scientific name given] 1 (from Canada)
*Maned Wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus - 1 (from West Germany)
*South American Fox Dusicyon sp. - 2 (from Ecuador)
*Bush Dog Speothos venaticus - 3 (from Colombia and Surinam)
*Red Fox Vulpes fulva [the North American subspecies of Red Fox, Vulpes vulpes fulvus] - 3 (from Canada)

*Malayan Sun Bear Helarctos malayanus - 2 (from Singapore and Thailand)
*Asiatic Black Bear / Himalayan Black Bear Selenarctos thibetanus / Ursus thibetanus - 29 (from India, Nepal, Thailand)
*American Black Bear Ursus americanus - 21 (from Canada and Singapore [3 animals reported from the latter country])
*Polar Bear Ursus maritimus / Thalarctos maritimus - 7 (from Canada, Denmark, West Germany)

*Lesser Panda [Red Panda] Ailurus fulgens - 10 (from Denmark, Japan, Nepal)
*Cacomistle Bassaricyon sumichrasti - 2 (from Nicaragua)
*Coati Nasua nasua / Nasua narica - 878 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru)
[Note: there are two species combined here, the Brown-nosed or South American Coati Nasua nasua and the White-nosed Coati Nasua narica.]
*Kinkajou / Honeybear Potos flavus - 473 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and "unknown")
*Crab-eating Raccoon Procyon cancrivorus - 1395 (from Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua)
*[Common] Raccoon Procyon lotor - 18 (from Canada, Honduras, Nicaragua)

*Oriental Small-clawed Otter Amblonyx cinerea - 78 (from Malaysia and Thailand)
*Tayra Eira barbara - 56 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Grison Galictis allamandi [synonym of Galictis vittata] - 2 (from Honduras)
*Grison Galictis vittata - 44 (from Colombia and Peru)
*Southern River Otter Lutra annectens [now Lontra longicaudis annectens] - 4 (from Colombia and Honduras)
*[North American] River Otter Lutra canadensis [now Lontra canadensis] - 2 (from Canada)
*River Otter Lutra enhydris - 1 (from Paraguay)
[Note: I think this is supposed to be Lutra enudris which is a subspecies (Lontra longicaudis enudris) of the Southern River Otter.]
*Old World River Otter [Eurasian Otter] Lutra lutra - 23 (from Thailand)
*Otter Lutra sp. - 20 (from Thailand)
*Otter [no scientific name given] - 9 (from Thailand)
*Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis - 5 (from Canada)
*Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata - 1 (from Honduras)
*European Polecat Mustela putorius - 1 (from England)
*Marbled Polecat Vormela peregusna - 1 (from Pakistan)

*Binturong Arctictis binturong - 6 (from Singapore and Thailand)
*Bennett's Otter Civet Cynogale bennetti - 7 (from Malaysia and Thailand)
*Banded Palm Civet Hemigalus derbyanus - 1 (from Thailand)
*Masked Palm Civet / Himalayan Palm Civet Paguma larvata - 6 (from Thailand)
*Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus - 64 (from Malaysia and Thailand)
*Banded Linsang / Tiger Civet Prionodon linsang - 6 (from Thailand)
*Oriental Civet [Large Indian Civet] Viverra zibetha - 6 (from Thailand)
*Lesser Oriental Civet Viverricula indica - 36 (from Thailand)

*Striped Hyaena Hyaena hyaena - 4 (from India)

[Note: for the Felidae I have simply retained the genera used on the list rather than annotating each species]
*Cheetah Acinonys jubatus - 44 (from South Africa, SW Africa [Namibia], and "unknown")
*Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis - 320 (from Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand)
*Domestic Cat Felis catus - 21 (from England and Thailand)
*Jungle Cat Felis chaus - 2 (from Thailand)
*Puma / Cougar Felis concolor - 32 (from Canada, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Geoffroy's Cat Felis geoffroyi - 43 (from Argentina, Paraguay, Peru)
*Pallas's Cat Felis manul - 7 (from the Netherlands and the USSR)
*Marbled Cat Felis marmorata - 5 (from the Netherlands and Singapore)
*Ocelot Felis pardalis - 109 (from Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, South Vietnam - the one animal from Vietnam was stated to be a pet originally brought there from the USA)
*Flat-headed Cat Felis planiceps - 1 (from Singapore)
*Serval Felis serval - 3 (from Kenya)
*Temminck's Golden Cat Felis temmincki - 15 (from Singapore and Thailand)
*Fishing Cat Felis viverrina - 7 (from Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand)
*Margay Felis wiedii - 16 (from Colombia, Paraguay, Peru)
*Jaguarundi Felis yagouaroundi / Herpailurus yagouaroundi - 165 (from Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru)
*Cat Felis sp. - 4 (from Ghana and Malaysia)
*Lion Leo leo - 18 (from Canada, Colombia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Kenya)
*Jaguar Leo onca - 1 (from Colombia)
*Leopard Leo pardus / L. p. japonensis - 8 (from Canada, Laos, Singapore)
*Tiger Leo tigris - 4 (from Canada)
*Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis - 6 (from Canada)
*Caracal Lynx caracal - 7 (from Botswana and Morocco)
*Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa - 12 (from Canada, Denmark, Laos, Singapore)
*Snow Leopard Uncia uncia - 2 (from the Netherlands)


PINNIPEDS

*California Sea Lion Zalophus californianus - 3 (from Bahama Islands, Belgium, and "unknown")

*Gray Seal Halicoerus gryphus - 5 (from Canada)
*Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina - 7 (from Canada)


AARDVARKS

*Aardvark Orycteropus afer - 2 (from Ethiopia)


ELEPHANTS

*Indian Elephant Elephas maximus - 43 (from India and Thailand)
*African Elephant Loxodonta africana - 36 (from Canada, Kenya, Sierra Leone, NW Africa [Namibia])


HYRAXES

*Rock Hyrax Heterohyrax syriacus [synonym of Heterohyrax brucei] - 33 (from Ethiopia)
*Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis - 68 (from Ethiopia and SW Africa [Namibia])


PERISSODACTYLS

*Donkey Equus asinus - 2 (from Canada)
*Burchell's Zebra / Grant's Zebra / Damara Zebra Equus burchellii / E. b. bohmi / E. b. antiquorum - 85 (from Canada, Kenya, SW Africa [Namibia])
*Onager Equus hemionus / E. h. onager - 1 (from Canada)

*Baird's Tapir Tapirus bairdii - 1 (from British Honduras [Belize])

*White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum - 40 (from South Africa)
*Black Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis - 23 (from South Africa, SW Africa [Namibia], West Germany)


ARTIODACTYLS

*Dromedary Camel Camelus dromedarius - 53 (from Australia and Canada - 52 of them were from Australia)
*Guanaco i]Lama guanaco[/i] - 1 (from Canada)
*Vicuna Vicugna vicugna - 1 (from Canada)

*Red Deer / Wapiti Cervus elaphus - 3 (from Canada)
*Eld Deer / Thamin Cervus eldi - 1 (from West Germany)
*Swamp Deer / Barasingha ervus duvauceli - 1 (from West Germany)
*Sika Deer / Japanese Sika Deer / Formosan Sika Deer Cervus nippon / C. n. nippon / C. n. taiouanus - 5 (from Canada)
*Fallow Deer Dama dama - 2 (from Canada)
*White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus - 7 (from Canada)

*Pronghorn Antilocapra americana - 1 (from Canada)

*Addax Addax nasomaculatus - 1 (from Canada)
*Impala Aepyceros melampus - 6 (from South Africa)
*Red Hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus / Alcelaphus caama - 3 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra - 3 (from Canada)
*American Bison Bison bison - 5 (from Canada)
*Banteng Bos banteng - 3 (from West Germany)
*Yak Bos grunniens - 3 (from Canada)
*Yellow-backed Duiker Cephalophus silvicultor - 1 (from West Germany)
*Gnu Connochaetes sp. - 1 (from Canada)
*Persian Gazelle Gazella subgutturosa - 1 (from West Germany)
*Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger - 7 (from Canada and SW Africa [Namibia])
*Domestic Sheep Ovis aries - 3 (from Canada)
*Mountain Sheep / Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis / O. c. canadensis / O. c. californiana - 31 (from Canada)
*Mouflon Ovis musimon [now Ovis orientalis] - 2 (from Canada)
*Nyala Tragelaphus angasi - 4 (from SW Africa [Namibia])
*Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekii - 1 (from West Germany)
*Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros / Tragelaphus capensis - 1 (from SW Africa [Namibia])


UNKNOWN
[Mammals for which the identity could not be determined from the name on the import declaration]
- 49 records (42 from Panama, 6 from Paraguay, 1 from Taiwan)

 

[Chlidonias]

MAMMALS IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES IN 1970
(Compiled by Robert D. Fisher and John. L. Paradiso)

Unfortunately this year's list does not appear to be available online. If I find it I will add the data into this post in the future.

I have managed to find a copy of this report online, and have added the data into this thread (post #7).

Some interesting notes are the number of Australian mammals imported this year (e.g. Tasmanian Devils, Pigmy Possums, Ghost Bats, Dingos), as well as two species of bandicoots from New Guinea, and 100 Brush-tailed Possums from New Zealand. There is also a Small-eared Dog on the list.

 

[Chlidonias]

The huge numbers of certain species being imported during these years has been noted in various posts in the thread (from the expected "lab" species like primates, through to the apparently-inexplicable species like sloths and tamanduas). While typing up the 1970 list another strange group of high-number species took my notice, namely three of the cat species.

Most of the cats on the lists have numbers you might expect for animals being imported for zoos and some private trade, but the Leopard Cat, Ocelot, and Jaguarundi numbers are far in excess of the other cats. For the five year period these reports cover, there were 1272 Leopard Cats imported, 2083 Ocelots, and 812 Jaguarundis.

 

[MRJ]

The huge numbers of certain species being imported during these years has been noted in various posts in the thread (from the expected "lab" species like primates, through to the apparently-inexplicable species like sloths and tamanduas). While typing up the 1970 list another strange group of high-number species took my notice, namely three of the cat species.

Most of the cats on the lists have numbers you might expect for animals being imported for zoos and some private trade, but the Leopard Cat, Ocelot, and Jaguarundi numbers are far in excess of the other cats. For the five year period these reports cover, there were 1272 Leopard Cats imported, 2083 Ocelots, and 812 Jaguarundis.

Bet the cats were for the exotic pet market.

 

[Chlidonias]

Bet the cats were for the exotic pet market.

That would have been my guess as well, but that's also why Jaguarundi seemed out of place. It's a weird weaselly-looking dull-coloured cat and I wouldn't have thought it would have a huge appeal, especially when the numbers imported far outstrip more obvious species like Margay or even Serval.