Snowleopard's Mammals: A Lifetime List of Species Mammalian and Non-Mammalian

I have seen Babirusas at 24 zoos. This species has been nowhere near as common as the numbers of other wild pigs I've covered thus far, and I have an intriguing history with viewing them in zoos. I saw Babirusa at a dozen different American zoos between 2007 and 2012, then I didn't see any whatsoever for 7 years and that includes loads of zoo visits, and only then saw Babirusa at 3 out of 120 European collections. From my perspective, they've been incredibly rare to come across in captivity in recent years.

However, travelling through Southeast Asia with @twilighter last month, we saw Babirusa at 8 zoos in 3 weeks and that really boosted my numbers.

1- Oregon Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2007
2- Bronx Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2008
3- Los Angeles Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2008
4- Disney’s Animal Kingdom (USA) – Babirusa – 2008
5- Saint Louis Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2010
6- Louisville Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2010
7- Roger Williams Park Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2010
8- Audubon Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2010
9- Houston Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2010
10- San Antonio Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2010
11- San Diego Zoo (USA) – Babirusa – 2011
12- ZooTampa at Lowry Park (USA) – Babirusa – 2012
13- Opel Zoo (Germany) – Babirusa – 2019
14- Wuppertal Zoo (Germany) – Babirusa – 2019
15- Berlin Zoo (Germany) – Babirusa – 2019
16- San Diego Zoo Safari Park (USA) – Babirusa – 2023
17- Singapore Zoo (Singapore) – Babirusa – 2024
18- Night Safari (Singapore) – Babirusa – 2024
19- Taman Safari III Bali (Indonesia) – Babirusa – 2024
20- Surabaya Zoo (Indonesia) – Babirusa – 2024
21- Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) – Babirusa – 2024
22- Batu Secret Zoo (Indonesia) – Babirusa – 2024
23- Taman Safari I Bogor (Indonesia) – Babirusa – 2024
24- Ragunan Zoo (Indonesia) – Babirusa – 2024

Oregon Zoo (USA) had an area called Island Pigs of Asia that had Babirusa for less than a decade. This whole section (Babirusa, Visayan Warty Pigs, Sun Bears) was demolished when the new Polar Bear complex was built and Oregon Zoo's species diversity has plummeted over the years.

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I'm not sure what the situation is now, but the Bronx Zoo (USA) used to have a Babirusa exhibit that could be seen via the Wild Asia monorail ride, as well as a second Babirusa exhibit near Zoo Center. Here's the one seen for seconds on the monorail ride:

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@Baldur

Los Angeles Zoo (USA) has had Babirusas for many years.

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@Julio C Castro

Babirusas have been a fixture at Disney's Animal Kingdom (USA) for a long time as well.

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An excellent place to see Babirusa exhibits is at Saint Louis Zoo (USA), with the facility often having multiple enclosures for the species in the Red Rocks zone.

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Here's a rare look at one of the indoor Babirusa stalls at Saint Louis Zoo. I took this shot in 2014.

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Louisville Zoo (USA) has an Islands complex that sees Southeast Asian species rotate through several different habitats. The exhibit below can hold a Babirusa, Tiger, Orangutan, Siamang or Malayan Tapir, depending on the day. Compared to the genuine jungle zoos in Southeast Asia, this is one 'naff' setup.

* naff - lacking in style or good taste; vulgar and unfashionable.

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Babirusa have been a common sight at Roger Williams Park Zoo (USA) for a long time.

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@Andrew_NZP

When I toured Audubon Zoo (USA) in 2010, there was a mixed-species exhibit with Babirusa and Small-clawed Otters, and another enclosure with Babirusa and Milky Storks. Here's the otter one:

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In 2010, inside Houston Zoo's (USA) World of Primates loop, was an oddly-placed Babirusa exhibit. What is this now?

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Babirusa exhibit at San Antonio Zoo (USA) in 2010:

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Babirusa shared an exhibit with Lowland Anoa at San Diego Zoo (USA) in 2011:

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The Asian Gardens loop at ZooTampa at Lowry Park (USA) had a Babirusa exhibit in 2012.

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The Babirusa exhibit at Opel Zoo (Germany) has massive stone blocks dividing it from a second enclosure. An interesting barrier!

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Wuppertal Zoo (Germany) has Babirusa, one of only 3 zoos out of 120 in Europe where I've seen the species.

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@Maguari

Ahhh... the legendary Swine House at Berlin Zoo (Germany). How many little piglets have been born there? I saw Babirusa here in 2019.

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San Diego Zoo Safari Park (USA) brought back Babirusa in recent years and the species is now found in the Nairobi Village area.

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@Ding Lingwei

I saw Babirusa at Singapore Zoo (Singapore) last month, but I believe they've already left and been replaced by an even rarer mammal: Bornean Bearded Pig.

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@twilighter

I saw Babirusa at 6 Indonesian zoos, including Taman Safari III Bali (Indonesia):

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@animalman0341

Order Artiodactyla:

Antilocapridae: 1 species (30 zoos with Pronghorn)

Camelidae: 2 species (27 zoos with Guanaco, 18 Vicuna)

Delphinidae: 7 species (15 zoos with Common Bottlenose Dolphin, 3 Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, 3 Killer Whale, 3 Pacific White-sided Dolphin, 1 Commerson's Dolphin, 1 False Killer Whale, 1 Short-finned Pilot Whale)

Giraffidae: 5 species (175 zoos with Giraffe (4 species), 31 Okapi)

Hippopotamidae: 2 species (65 zoos with Common Hippo, 44 Pygmy Hippo)

Iniidae: 1 species (1 zoo with Amazon River Dolphin)

Monodontidae: 1 species (7 zoos with Beluga Whale)

Phocoenidae: 1 species (3 zoos with Harbour Porpoise)

Suidae: 4 species so far (65 zoos with Red River Hog, 51 Warthog, 24 Babirusa, 1 Bushpig)

Tayassuidae: 3 species (33 zoos with Collared Peccary, 17 Chacoan, 4 White-lipped)

Tragulidae: 4 species (13 zoos with Lesser Indo-Malayan Chevrotain, 9 Javan, 7 Greater Indo-Malayan, 2 Balabac)
Sadly I have never seen a babirusa...
 
One very exciting observation hit the news yesterday. Carlos Bocos & team saw and photograph the very rare Tongian Babirusa .
Togian Babirusa in September 2024 by Carlos N. G. Bocos · iNaturalist

Togian, not Tongian ;)

I’ve seen Babirusa at Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Antwerp and all went out of them to a point they became really rare in Europe. A few imports from the USA and a few dedicated zoo’s gave the European population new life, but I’m not sure they can sustain it…

I feel the species at least belongs in Artis, almost rediculous they went out of them.
 
Togian, not Tongian ;)

I’ve seen Babirusa at Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Antwerp and all went out of them to a point they became really rare in Europe. A few imports from the USA and a few dedicated zoo’s gave the European population new life, but I’m not sure they can sustain it…

I feel the species at least belongs in Artis, almost rediculous they went out of them.
Ups, I edited :)
 
Babirusa are an interesting example of a species that whose rarity in the US varies greatly depending on the region. They are almost entirely absent from the midwest with Saint Louis as the sole holder and on the West coast it's just the San Diegos, Fresno and LA. Nearly all of the remaining holders are East of the Mississippi, kept at five collections in Florida alone.

I've managed see them at seven different facilities over the years and they are probably my favorite suid. As others mentioned it's always nice to see a wild pig that isn't a red river hog. Even warthogs aren't exactly a dime a dozen nowadays, which feels a little odd honestly.
 
I’ve seen Babirusa at Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Antwerp and all went out of them to a point they became really rare in Europe. A few imports from the USA and a few dedicated zoo’s gave the European population new life, but I’m not sure they can sustain it…

Babirusas used to be more common ca 20 years ago. I had my preffered enclosures where it was easy to pet them extensively through pen perimeter (Jihlava and Usti). It´s little bit unclear to me why they almost dissappeared, breeders probably had difficulty to place any offspring and after death of those few breeding pairs in Europe, there were suddenly no more young animals left to replace them. I have more confidence in their survival, this species is included in longtime plans of several zoos.
 
only just saw that he got a photo of a PYGMY TARSIER!!!!
Eventually I will get back there to try again. I saw a creature exactly the size and colour of a Pigmy Tarsier but it ran through the branches like a mouse, and ever since I have wondered if maybe they sometimes just do that instead of jumping because of the thick moss everywhere in the trees.
 
Moving on from Babirusas, it's time for a Warty Pig discussion with two (and in the future possibly three) species to analyze.

I mentioned how Warthogs have been rare for me lately, with only 1 zoo out of the last 80+ with the species. Babirusa, outside of Southeast Asia, have always been rare everywhere. Perhaps the proliferation of Red River Hogs has become the new norm, in a way that Meerkats expanded across zoos in the 2000s. It's fun to see Red River Hogs, but they have somewhat taken over the 'suid space' at many collections.

Another fairly rare wild pig species would be Visayan Warty Pigs, which I've seen at 17 zoos.

1- San Diego Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2006
2- Oregon Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2007
3- Minnesota Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2008
4- Phoenix Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2008
5- Los Angeles Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2008
6- Saint Louis Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2010
7- Zoo Boise (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2010
8- Reid Park Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2011
9- Woodland Park Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2012
10- Brevard Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2012
11- ZooTampa at Lowry Park (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2012
12- Diergaarde Blijdorp (Netherlands) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
13- Pairi Daiza (Belgium) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
14- Dierenrijk (Animal Kingdom) (Netherlands) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
15- Berlin Zoo (Germany) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
16- Skaerup Zoo (Denmark) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2022
17- Parken Zoo (Sweden) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2022

AND...

I've seen Javan Warty Pigs at 2 zoos:

1- Surabaya Zoo (Indonesia) – Javan Warty Pig – 2024
2- Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) – Javan Warty Pig – 2024 (off-show)

AND...as a bonus post as this mammal is technically not a full species...

I've seen Bawean Warty Pigs at 1 zoo:

1- Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) – Bawean Warty Pig – 2024 (off-show)

San Diego Zoo (USA) has had Visayan Warty Pigs in various exhibits all across the zoo over the years, including combining a group of the pigs with Malayan Tapirs in 2017.

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Island Pigs of Asia, at Oregon Zoo (USA), was home to Babirusa and Visayan Warty Pigs (in separate exhibits) for less than a decade. All gone now.

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Here's the Visayan Warty Pig all-indoor exhibit within the Tropics Trail building at Minnesota Zoo (USA). I think they are gone from the zoo these days.

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Inside the Children's Zoo at Phoenix Zoo (USA) has been a Visayan Warty Pig exhibit for probably close to 20 years.

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Los Angeles Zoo (USA) has also maintained Visayan Warty Pigs in their collection for a very long time. It's nice to see some American zoos stick with the species.

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@Julio C Castro

Red Rocks, that hoofstock lover's dream at Saint Louis Zoo (USA), once again supplies this thread with a rare species. Visayan Warty Pigs are one of perhaps 25 species in this part of the zoo that focuses almost exclusively on hooved mammals.

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Yet another American zoo that seems to have phased out Visayan Warty Pigs is Zoo Boise (USA), although they had the species during my visit in 2010.

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@Ituri

And yet another facility that no longer has the species, this was the Visayan Warty Pig exhibit at Reid Park Zoo (USA):

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Woodland Park Zoo (USA) is still hanging onto Visayan Warty Pigs, in an old exhibit that was refurbished and reopened in 2012. There might only be one or two pigs left these days.

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At one point this was a yard for Dingoes, but it held Visayan Warty Pigs when I was at Brevard Zoo (USA) in 2012.

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The Visayan Warty Pig exhibit at ZooTampa at Lowry Park (USA) in 2012:

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Those are the 11 American zoos where I've seen the species, and then I saw Warty Pigs 6 more times in Europe.

Here's one section of the Visayan Warty Pig exhibit at Blijdorp Zoo (Netherlands):

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@Mr Gharial

Asian Water Buffalo and Visayan Warty Pigs are together in a terraced exhibit at Pairi Daiza (Belgium):

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@KevinB

Indian Rhinos, Hog Deer, Nilgai and Visayan Warty Pigs all together in a new (2019), spectacular exhibit at Dierenrijk (Animal Kingdom) (Netherlands) - now called Eindhoven Zoo. This spacious habitat is terrific and a very impressive size.

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@KevinB

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Berlin Zoo (Germany) has an even newer Indian Rhino/Visayan Warty Pig exhibit that comes with a spectacular Rhino Pagoda.

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I saw two exhibits for Visayan Warty Pigs at Skaerup Zoo (Denmark) in 2022.

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Parken Zoo (Sweden) has a hilly, very large Visayan Warty Pig exhibit.

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I had never seen Javan Warty Pigs in my life, until last month when I saw the species at two zoos in the space of a few hours! Surabaya Zoo (Indonesia) had a number of Javan Warty Pigs, and off the top of my head I wouldn't be surprised if they had a dozen of them for public viewing. Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) had some Javan Warty Pigs in an off-show area, including at least one enormous male with a massive head. His cheeks were both grotesque and magnificent:

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Also via a behind-the-scenes tour at Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia), @twilighter and I were fortunate to see what are possibly the only 3 Bawean Warty Pigs in captivity in the world. They are very skittish animals, recently placed in an off-show area at Prigen and for sure at least one of them had lost a leg, and so this photo is the best I could manage as they didn't stop moving for long. It must be the first image of Bawean Warty Pigs on ZooChat, but the question of whether they will be recognized again as a full species is not one that I know enough about to attempt to answer. So they are Javan Warty Pigs for now. ;)

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Order Artiodactyla:

Antilocapridae: 1 species (30 zoos with Pronghorn)

Camelidae: 2 species (27 zoos with Guanaco, 18 Vicuna)

Delphinidae: 7 species (15 zoos with Common Bottlenose Dolphin, 3 Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, 3 Killer Whale, 3 Pacific White-sided Dolphin, 1 Commerson's Dolphin, 1 False Killer Whale, 1 Short-finned Pilot Whale)

Giraffidae: 5 species (175 zoos with Giraffe (4 species), 31 Okapi)

Hippopotamidae: 2 species (65 zoos with Common Hippo, 44 Pygmy Hippo)

Iniidae: 1 species (1 zoo with Amazon River Dolphin)

Monodontidae: 1 species (7 zoos with Beluga Whale)

Phocoenidae: 1 species (3 zoos with Harbour Porpoise)

Suidae: 6 species so far (65 zoos with Red River Hog, 51 Warthog, 24 Babirusa, 17 Visayan Warty Pig, 3 Javan Warty Pig, 1 Bushpig)

Tayassuidae: 3 species (33 zoos with Collared Peccary, 17 Chacoan, 4 White-lipped)

Tragulidae: 4 species (13 zoos with Lesser Indo-Malayan Chevrotain, 9 Javan, 7 Greater Indo-Malayan, 2 Balabac)
 
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I’ve seen Babirusa at Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Antwerp and all went out of them to a point they became really rare in Europe.

Are you sure about seeing babirusa at Artis and if so, when was this? To my knowledge the species has not been kept there since the 1920s.
 
I've seen Bawean Warty Pigs at 1 zoo:

1- Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) – Bawean Warty Pig – 2024 (off-show)

Suidae: 6 species so far (65 zoos with Red River Hog, 51 Warthog, 24 Babirusa, 17 Visayan Warty Pig, 2 Javan Warty Pig, 1 Bushpig)

Would Javan Warty Pig have 3 holders since it seems like you aren't counting Bawean as its own species?
 
Would Javan Warty Pig have 3 holders since it seems like you aren't counting Bawean as its own species?

Yes, that's a good idea and it makes sense. I've been guided by the book All the Mammals of the World (2023), which includes Visayan, Philippine, Mindoro, Javan and Sulawesi Warty Pigs, but not Bawean as a full species.
 
Moving on from Babirusas, it's time for a Warty Pig discussion with two (and in the future possibly three) species to analyze.

I mentioned how Warthogs have been rare for me lately, with only 1 zoo out of the last 80+ with the species. Babirusa, outside of Southeast Asia, have always been rare everywhere. Perhaps the proliferation of Red River Hogs has become the new norm, in a way that Meerkats expanded across zoos in the 2000s. It's fun to see Red River Hogs, but they have somewhat taken over the 'suid space' at many collections.

Another fairly rare wild pig species would be Visayan Warty Pigs, which I've seen at 17 zoos.

1- San Diego Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2006
2- Oregon Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2007
3- Minnesota Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2008
4- Phoenix Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2008
5- Los Angeles Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2008
6- Saint Louis Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2010
7- Zoo Boise (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2010
8- Reid Park Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2011
9- Woodland Park Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2012
10- Brevard Zoo (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2012
11- ZooTampa at Lowry Park (USA) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2012
12- Diergaarde Blijdorp (Netherlands) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
13- Pairi Daiza (Belgium) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
14- Dierenrijk (Animal Kingdom) (Netherlands) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
15- Berlin Zoo (Germany) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2019
16- Skaerup Zoo (Denmark) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2022
17- Parken Zoo (Sweden) – Visayan Warty Pig – 2022

AND...

I've seen Javan Warty Pigs at 2 zoos:

1- Surabaya Zoo (Indonesia) – Javan Warty Pig – 2024
2- Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) – Javan Warty Pig – 2024 (off-show)

AND...as a bonus post as this mammal is technically not a full species...

I've seen Bawean Warty Pigs at 1 zoo:

1- Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) – Bawean Warty Pig – 2024 (off-show)

San Diego Zoo (USA) has had Visayan Warty Pigs in various exhibits all across the zoo over the years, including combining a group of the pigs with Malayan Tapirs in 2017.

full


Island Pigs of Asia, at Oregon Zoo (USA), was home to Babirusa and Visayan Warty Pigs (in separate exhibits) for less than a decade. All gone now.

full


Here's the Visayan Warty Pig all-indoor exhibit within the Tropics Trail building at Minnesota Zoo (USA). I think they are gone from the zoo these days.

full


Inside the Children's Zoo at Phoenix Zoo (USA) has been a Visayan Warty Pig exhibit for probably close to 20 years.

full


Los Angeles Zoo (USA) has also maintained Visayan Warty Pigs in their collection for a very long time. It's nice to see some American zoos stick with the species.

full


@Julio C Castro

Red Rocks, that hoofstock lover's dream at Saint Louis Zoo (USA), once again supplies this thread with a rare species. Visayan Warty Pigs are one of perhaps 25 species in this part of the zoo that focuses almost exclusively on hooved mammals.

full


Yet another American zoo that seems to have phased out Visayan Warty Pigs is Zoo Boise (USA), although they had the species during my visit in 2010.

full


@Ituri

And yet another facility that no longer has the species, this was the Visayan Warty Pig exhibit at Reid Park Zoo (USA):

full


Woodland Park Zoo (USA) is still hanging onto Visayan Warty Pigs, in an old exhibit that was refurbished and reopened in 2012. There might only be one or two pigs left these days.

full


At one point this was a yard for Dingoes, but it held Visayan Warty Pigs when I was at Brevard Zoo (USA) in 2012.

full


The Visayan Warty Pig exhibit at ZooTampa at Lowry Park (USA) in 2012:

full


Those are the 11 American zoos where I've seen the species, and then I saw Warty Pigs 6 more times in Europe.

Here's one section of the Visayan Warty Pig exhibit at Blijdorp Zoo (Netherlands):

full


@Mr Gharial

Asian Water Buffalo and Visayan Warty Pigs are together in a terraced exhibit at Pairi Daiza (Belgium):

full


@KevinB

Indian Rhinos, Hog Deer, Nilgai and Visayan Warty Pigs all together in a new (2019), spectacular exhibit at Dierenrijk (Animal Kingdom) (Netherlands) - now called Eindhoven Zoo. This spacious habitat is terrific and a very impressive size.

full


@KevinB

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Berlin Zoo (Germany) has an even newer Indian Rhino/Visayan Warty Pig exhibit that comes with a spectacular Rhino Pagoda.

full


I saw two exhibits for Visayan Warty Pigs at Skaerup Zoo (Denmark) in 2022.

full


Parken Zoo (Sweden) has a hilly, very large Visayan Warty Pig exhibit.

full


I had never seen Javan Warty Pigs in my life, until last month when I saw the species at two zoos in the space of a few hours! Surabaya Zoo (Indonesia) had a number of Javan Warty Pigs, and off the top of my head I wouldn't be surprised if they had a dozen of them for public viewing. Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia) had some Javan Warty Pigs in an off-show area, including at least one enormous male with a massive head. His cheeks were both grotesque and magnificent:

full


Also via a behind-the-scenes tour at Taman Safari II Prigen (Indonesia), @twilighter and I were fortunate to see what are possibly the only 3 Bawean Warty Pigs in captivity in the world. They are very skittish animals, recently placed in an off-show area at Prigen and for sure at least one of them had lost a leg, and so this photo is the best I could manage as they didn't stop moving for long. It must be the first image of Bawean Warty Pigs on ZooChat, but the question of whether they will be recognized again as a full species is not one that I know enough about to attempt to answer. ;)

full


Order Artiodactyla:

Antilocapridae: 1 species (30 zoos with Pronghorn)

Camelidae: 2 species (27 zoos with Guanaco, 18 Vicuna)

Delphinidae: 7 species (15 zoos with Common Bottlenose Dolphin, 3 Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin, 3 Killer Whale, 3 Pacific White-sided Dolphin, 1 Commerson's Dolphin, 1 False Killer Whale, 1 Short-finned Pilot Whale)

Giraffidae: 5 species (175 zoos with Giraffe (4 species), 31 Okapi)

Hippopotamidae: 2 species (65 zoos with Common Hippo, 44 Pygmy Hippo)

Iniidae: 1 species (1 zoo with Amazon River Dolphin)

Monodontidae: 1 species (7 zoos with Beluga Whale)

Phocoenidae: 1 species (3 zoos with Harbour Porpoise)

Suidae: 6 species so far (65 zoos with Red River Hog, 51 Warthog, 24 Babirusa, 17 Visayan Warty Pig, 2 Javan Warty Pig, 1 Bushpig)

Tayassuidae: 3 species (33 zoos with Collared Peccary, 17 Chacoan, 4 White-lipped)

Tragulidae: 4 species (13 zoos with Lesser Indo-Malayan Chevrotain, 9 Javan, 7 Greater Indo-Malayan, 2 Balabac)

Would Javan Warty Pig have 3 holders since it seems like you aren't counting Bawean as its own species?

There is a strong case behind Bawean Warty Pig species status. "Ungulate Taxonomy" supported the split, but they have been lumped back by ASM. Mario Melletti at "Ecology, Conservation and Management of Wild Pigs and Peccaries" threads them as a separate species. In personal conversation with the Head curator of PCBA , he clearly shows support for the split. He is one of the very few people on the planet that works with both taxa and explains that there are serious morphological differences, especially between the adult males. The DNA confirmation is a matter of time and there is a study from last year that also supports the split:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ddi.13689
 
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