North American Asian and African Elephant Populations 2025: Discussion and Speculation

I don't think that would be required honestly. Columbus has a heap of space to continue to breed, and there's no reason to split up their female herd when they get along amicably at the present.

Furthermore, Columbus has only just began to build up their matriarchal herd, and with Phoebe's age, the growth of the herd will really rely on Sunny (and eventually Rita) building up herd numbers.

Also on Frankie, I feel like he'll remain at the zoo for quite a while - he'll have a valuable role in mentoring and being a companion for his younger brother once he matures.
I see, I do feel that if the time comes where Frankie officially lives alone or only with the other bulls and Phoebe still does not have any female calves, Columbus could then maintain Frankie as a breeding bull and instead move out Johnson or Raja if there are any space concerns for bulls.
 
Now that Columbus just had a new male calf on the ground, does anyone think that maybe in about 5-10 years once he is of age of separation and Rita has grown up a bit, would it a good idea to move Frankie WITH Sunny and Rita Jean to another zoo if he gets a breeding recommendation at another facility that has capacity for a few more cows, as they are unrelated and can certainly breed? Of course it is probably not a good idea if Sunny has another calf with Johnson or Raja, but if she doesn't have more calves by then, I personally feel it may not be a bad idea for a herd split/replacement a few years down the road and for Frankie to breed with the pair.
I don't really see why this would be needed. Columbus is almost certianly going to expand their elephant complex before the next decade is out, and they have ample room to do so. It wouldn't surprise me if the end goal was to add bull barn (considering that they soon will have 4 males onsite) plus an additional yard or two. They're going to be essentially at capacity after just two more births anyway, which I'm sure will be happening potentially as soon as 2029 due to Phoebe's age.
They are much more likely to retain two groups separately should a social split occur until both are of ample size to grow independently versus sending 3+ animals out within a decade.

Moreover, Frankie is of very subpar value. With now two half brothers of much more genetic value than himself, I find it a touch unlikely he'll find a place at a breeding facility. He's unfortunately more likely to be a bachelor animal rather than a dedicated breeding bull, and in Columbus' current situation I see no reason for him and his new half brother to not be housed as a bachelor pair down the line. It's honestly the perfect situation for them.

Columbus could maintain Frankie as a breeding bull and instead move out Johnson or Raja if there happens to be any space concerns for bulls
Housing a bull as his natal facility into adult life isn't always a good choice. It is immensely valuable for bulls to move around facilities in order to gain maturity, confidence and experience. Should Frankie ever breed, I would be shocked if it was at Columbus.
 
Now that Columbus just had a new male calf on the ground, does anyone think that maybe in about 5-10 years once he is of age of separation and Rita has grown up a bit, would it a good idea to move Frankie WITH Sunny and Rita Jean to another zoo if he gets a breeding recommendation at another facility that has capacity for a few more cows, as they are unrelated and can certainly breed? Of course it is probably not a good idea if Sunny has another calf with Johnson or Raja, but if she doesn't have more calves by then, I personally feel it may not be a bad idea for a herd split/replacement a few years down the road and for Frankie to breed with the pair.

I thought Frankie wouldn’t be used for breeding because he isn’t that genetically valuable compared to other bulls in the current population
 
I thought Frankie wouldn’t be used for breeding because he isn’t that genetically valuable compared to other bulls in the current population
My thoughts exactly. He's his father's only offspring, yes, but Hank himself has numerous close relatives in the population that are breeding right now (niece Mali, great-nephew Chuck, nieces Mable and Piper) who are either paired with more valuable bulls or have more genetic value themselves. Then when you couple that with two of his half brothers having unrepresented, wildborn fathers plus the strong potential for his mother to still have a few female calves yet...I'm not holding my breath on him being utilized.
He's the perfect canidate to remain in Columbus semi-longterm as a mentor for bull calves as long as they have space for him.
 
I wonder if it is possible to export Frankie to another country such as Australia or UK. Granted he’s related to Alexander through his mother but Hank and Ringling elephants are non existing in other countries.
 
He wouldn't be of much value in Europe or Australia either. The Ringling animals' genes aren't really worth the export of an animal that already has so many close relatives in Europe, and Australia already has an Alexander grandson in a small breeding program, I'm sure they're not eager to bring in a cousin. A male calf of Sunny's out of Raja or Johnson would have more of a shot (a Johnson son specifically for Australia). In the case Australia wants to import (and the unlikely scenario Europe looks to do so as well) it is likely we will see bulls out of Fort Worth (Brazos or Travis) Houston (Baylor or Duncan) or Syracuse (Yaad or Tukada) who have genes limited or entirely unrepresented in the region. If they were looking now, I'd push Jake their way as well.
I just can't imagine a zoo spending so much money to import an animal from the very line they've been working to export, just for his paternal genes that could be utilized in a much more valuable bull.
 
In the case Australia wants to import (and the unlikely scenario Europe looks to do so as well) it is likely we will see bulls out of Fort Worth (Brazos or Travis) Houston (Baylor or Duncan) or Syracuse (Yaad or Tukada) who have genes limited or entirely unrepresented in the region. If they were looking now, I'd push Jake their way as well.
I don't imagine there'll be application now - the focus should be on getting the current founders in Australia sufficiently represented before considering any overseas imports. But in a few decades time, I could definitely see imports being required.

Of course in the event that Sydney isn't willing to give up their two Dublin born brothers, Werribee (who presumably plan to acquire a new bull within the next decade) would be forced to consider an import. But I find that unlikely.
 
He wouldn't be of much value in Europe or Australia either. The Ringling animals' genes aren't really worth the export of an animal that already has so many close relatives in Europe, and Australia already has an Alexander grandson in a small breeding program, I'm sure they're not eager to bring in a cousin. A male calf of Sunny's out of Raja or Johnson would have more of a shot (a Johnson son specifically for Australia). In the case Australia wants to import (and the unlikely scenario Europe looks to do so as well) it is likely we will see bulls out of Fort Worth (Brazos or Travis) Houston (Baylor or Duncan) or Syracuse (Yaad or Tukada) who have genes limited or entirely unrepresented in the region. If they were looking now, I'd push Jake their way as well.
I just can't imagine a zoo spending so much money to import an animal from the very line they've been working to export, just for his paternal genes that could be utilized in a much more valuable bull.
I don't imagine there'll be application now - the focus should be on getting the current founders in Australia sufficiently represented before considering any overseas imports. But in a few decades time, I could definitely see imports being required.

Of course in the event that Sydney isn't willing to give up their two Dublin born brothers, Werribee (who presumably plan to acquire a new bull within the next decade) would be forced to consider an import. But I find that unlikely.

Australia certainly doesn’t have capacity to accomodate additional elephants in the current state. Many of our founders are under-utilised or not represented as it is.

Sydney Zoo have publicly stated a willingness to cooperate with/participate in the regional breeding programme with regards to their bulls, so I don’t anticipate any issues there.

If Werribee’s current bulls (Luk Chai and Roi-Yim) remain on site long term; and more bull calves follow in the next cohort (which seems inevitable), I wouldn’t be surprised if the Sydney bulls were loaned to Werribee Open Range Zoo for breeding and then returned. A loan of 18 months could suit both parties.
 
Inevitably Australia is going to have to look to Europe and/or the states for bulls at some point. They're working with essentially only a few realistic options. Gung (already nicely represented), Pathi Harn (related to multiple animals in the region), Putra Mas (May only be able to breed via AI), Luk Chai (Likely to be retired after his next cohort) and either Kavi or Ashoka (Of whom I can't see both being used when they are both half brothers and each other's nephew or uncle). It would be best to perhaps snag one or two more bulls into the population so that they can roll full steam ahead versus waiting for the lengthy import process when time could be of the essence for some cows given the unnatural birth intervals Australia has to with.

I doubt such imports will be needed soon since they're in a good spot currently, but there are a number of bulls under the age of 10 years in the US at the moment who would be lovely canidates to transfer in a decade or so. Perhaps even a "swap" could be undergone with Sabai and/or Roi-Yim being traded for a young bull in the states. By then Jake, Baylor and Duncan would obviously be moot canidates due to age but it is very possible one of the other young males mentioned could be ready to transfer by then. Seems like a win-win!
 
Inevitably Australia is going to have to look to Europe and/or the states for bulls at some point. They're working with essentially realistic options. Gung (already nicely represented), Pathi Harn (related to multiple animals in the region), Putra Mas (May only be able to breed via AI), Luk Chai (Likely to be retired after his next cohort) and either Kavi or Ashoka (Of whom I can't see both being used when they are both half brothers and each other's nephew or uncle). It would be best to perhaps snag one or two more bulls into the population so that they can roll full steam ahead versus waiting for the lengthy import process when time could be of the essence for some cows given the unnatural birth intervals Australia has to with.

I doubt such imports will be needed soon since they're in a good spot currently, but there are a number of bulls under the age of 10 years in the US at the moment who would be lovely canidates to transfer in a decade or so. Perhaps even a "swap" could be undergone with Sabai and/or Roi-Yim being traded for a young bull in the states. By then Jake, Baylor and Duncan would obviously be moot canidates due to age but it is very possible one of the other young males mentioned could be ready to transfer by then. Seems like a win-win!
A swap would be very likely imo. Roi Yim and Sabai are both essentially surplus to the region already, and both would be of great use to the US population.

Sabai especially, being just one of two surviving offspring to his two wild born parents; his brother of course though being the breeding bull at Werribee. Roi is the nephew of Ongard, but considering the size of the US population, they could do with breeding from both bulls.

Any of the young bulls now would be very good candidates for a trade in a decade or two down the line. You mention the young Texas born bulls - but there's countless that could be options.
 
Inevitably Australia is going to have to look to Europe and/or the states for bulls at some point. They're working with essentially only a few realistic options. Gung (already nicely represented), Pathi Harn (related to multiple animals in the region), Putra Mas (May only be able to breed via AI), Luk Chai (Likely to be retired after his next cohort) and either Kavi or Ashoka (Of whom I can't see both being used when they are both half brothers and each other's nephew or uncle). It would be best to perhaps snag one or two more bulls into the population so that they can roll full steam ahead versus waiting for the lengthy import process when time could be of the essence for some cows given the unnatural birth intervals Australia has to with.

I doubt such imports will be needed soon since they're in a good spot currently, but there are a number of bulls under the age of 10 years in the US at the moment who would be lovely canidates to transfer in a decade or so. Perhaps even a "swap" could be undergone with Sabai and/or Roi-Yim being traded for a young bull in the states. By then Jake, Baylor and Duncan would obviously be moot canidates due to age but it is very possible one of the other young males mentioned could be ready to transfer by then. Seems like a win-win!

I can 100% see Sabai (and possibly Roi-Yim) being made available for export to North America. Both have extremely limited application to the Australian population and the former is unrelated to Ongard, our previous export to the US.

Ultimately, a lot will be decided via Putra Mas’ performance as breeding bull. If he succeeds in siring a son to Pak Boon, said bull calf would he extremely valuable to Werribee; with the Sydney bulls tiding them over for the next generation in the meantime.

Natural breeding is the focus in Australia, so if Putra Mas fails to sire calves to Pak Boon at Monarto, it’ll be interesting to see if they call it a day with him - in which case, I’d expect renewed interest in import bulls from overseas (North America or Europe).
 
A swap would be very likely imo. Roi Yim and Sabai are both essentially surplus to the region already, and both would be of great use to the US population.

Sabai especially, being just one of two surviving offspring to his two wild born parents; his brother of course though being the breeding bull at Werribee. Roi is the nephew of Ongard, but considering the size of the US population, they could do with breeding from both bulls.

Any of the young bulls now would be very good candidates for a trade in a decade or two down the line. You mention the young Texas born bulls - but there's countless that could be options.
Imo getting even Sabai into the region would be immensely beneficial for both regions. If a bull isn't needed straight away, then space is now open at Dubbo for another bull, bull calves, etc. Sabai would be a perfect fit for Miami to join Ongard as well. Despite their exhibit being far from top-tier, they do have capacity for an additional animal and I'm sure both bulls would thrive with each other's company.

As for hypothetical exports down the line, I went a head and looked at bulls that will be under the age of 20 in about a decade (and of those, ones realistically options to export in connection to the worldwide breeding program), which leaves:

- 1.0 Kabir (Upali x SheRa) 2017.05.15
- 1.0 Sanjay (Upali x Anak) 2018.02.10
- 1.0 Onyx (Johnson × Opal) 2018.08.18
- 1.0 Nelson (Thailand × Shanti) 2020.05.12
- 1.0 Teddy (Thailand × Tess) 2021.05.16
- 1.0 Frankie (Hank × Phoebe) 2021.06.16
- 1.0 Brazos (Romeo × Bluebonnet) 2021.10.21
- 1.0 Yaad (Doc × Mali) 2022.10.24
- 1.0 Tukada (Doc × Mali) 2022.10.24
- 1.0 Travis (Romeo x Belle) 2023.02.23
- 1.0 Jet (Jake x Jade) 2024.11.23
- 1.0 Xerxes (Bowie x Achara) 2025.06.16
- 1.0 Unnamed (Sabu x Phoebe) 2025.10.21

The most realistic options imo would be Nelson, the Fort Worth boys, potentially the twins, Jet and Xerxes.
 
Imo getting even Sabai into the region would be immensely beneficial for both regions. If a bull isn't needed straight away, then space is now open at Dubbo for another bull, bull calves, etc. Sabai would be a perfect fit for Miami to join Ongard as well. Despite their exhibit being far from top-tier, they do have capacity for an additional animal and I'm sure both bulls would thrive with each other's company.

As for hypothetical exports down the line, I went a head and looked at bulls that will be under the age of 20 in about a decade (and of those, ones realistically options to export in connection to the worldwide breeding program), which leaves:

- 1.0 Kabir (Upali x SheRa) 2017.05.15
- 1.0 Sanjay (Upali x Anak) 2018.02.10
- 1.0 Onyx (Johnson × Opal) 2018.08.18
- 1.0 Nelson (Thailand × Shanti) 2020.05.12
- 1.0 Teddy (Thailand × Tess) 2021.05.16
- 1.0 Frankie (Hank × Phoebe) 2021.06.16
- 1.0 Brazos (Romeo × Bluebonnet) 2021.10.21
- 1.0 Yaad (Doc × Mali) 2022.10.24
- 1.0 Tukada (Doc × Mali) 2022.10.24
- 1.0 Travis (Romeo x Belle) 2023.02.23
- 1.0 Jet (Jake x Jade) 2024.11.23
- 1.0 Xerxes (Bowie x Achara) 2025.06.16
- 1.0 Unnamed (Sabu x Phoebe) 2025.10.21

The most realistic options imo would be Nelson, the Fort Worth boys, potentially the twins, Jet and Xerxes.
I know I've said it countless times on here before but I'm still fairly sure the intention is for Miami to acquire cows. Melbourne keepers were still adamant that was the plan as of a few years back. It seems they're just waiting for old Nellie to pass on, before perhaps doing some renovations to increase barn space ect.

Acquiring Sabai as a companion for Ongard in the meantime would be great. To be honest, Ongard hasn't had a lot of bull companionship and therefore perhaps hasn't been exposed to natural bull behaviors, including breeding. Acquiring Sabai as a temporary companion would be great to enhance his social skills.
 
I know I've said it countless times on here before but I'm still fairly sure the intention is for Miami to acquire cows. Melbourne keepers were still adamant that was the plan as of a few years back. It seems they're just waiting for old Nellie to pass on, before perhaps doing some renovations to increase barn space ect.
I'll be very interested to see whether Miami follows through with that plan. Their barn is really far from suitable for more than a small breeding group, so expansions would almost have to be in order if they hope to breed longterm. Having both Sabai and Ongard onsite would be beneficial. Both for company and as a backup in the case Ongard fails to pick up on natural breeding behaviors, as Sabai should be familiar and likely wouldn't struggle if given the chance.

I also wonder where they actually plan to aquire said cows from. The only facility that is likely to undergo a herd split within the next decade or so is Houston, and it's more likely that Shanti's line will end up in San Antonio due to their complex being on track to break ground within the next few years.
 
I'll be very interested to see whether Miami follows through with that plan. Their barn is really far from suitable for more than a small breeding group, so expansions would almost have to be in order if they hope to breed longterm. Having both Sabai and Ongard onsite would be beneficial. Both for company and as a backup in the case Ongard fails to pick up on natural breeding behaviors, as Sabai should be familiar and likely wouldn't struggle if given the chance.

I also wonder where they actually plan to aquire said cows from. The only facility that is likely to undergo a herd split within the next decade or so is Houston, and it's more likely that Shanti's line will end up in San Antonio due to their complex being on track to break ground within the next few years.

That’s an interesting point. Ongard lacked the opportunity to observed reproductive behaviour at Melbourne Zoo as his sire was a behavioural non-breeder and therefore how he’ll perform as a natural breeder himself is uncertain. Do either you or @Jambo know if he’s been trained for AI? It’s not hard to imagine this would be beneficial for using him outside of Zoo Miami given his value to the North American population.

Sabai has been well socialised in terms of reproductive behaviour. Both his sire and Pathi Harn have time with the cows and he has observed both of these bulls mounting the cows. Ditto for his brother Luk Chai prior to his transfer to Melbourne.
 
That’s an interesting point. Ongard lacked the opportunity to observed reproductive behaviour at Melbourne Zoo as his sire was a behavioural non-breeder and therefore how he’ll perform as a natural breeder himself is uncertain. Do either you or @Jambo know if he’s been trained for AI? It’s not hard to imagine this would be beneficial for using him outside of Zoo Miami given his value to the North American population.

Sabai has been well socialised in terms of reproductive behaviour. Both his sire and Pathi Harn have time with the cows and he has observed both of these bulls mounting the cows. Ditto for his brother Luk Chai prior to his transfer to Melbourne.
As of a few years ago he was in training to be a potential donor. It is very possible he is fully trained now!

Hopefully he will have some natural instinct on what to do, and if he's introduced to cows while still a younger male then he has time to figure things out before he grows substantially larger (as I'm sure he will due to his previously recorded weights). If nothing else, he can contribute via AI; though that is not the ideal outcome from his export in the least.
 
I also wonder where they actually plan to aquire said cows from. The only facility that is likely to undergo a herd split within the next decade or so is Houston, and it's more likely that Shanti's line will end up in San Antonio due to their complex being on track to break ground within the next few years.
Houston's is theoretically the only one that springs to mind. White Oak/Endangered Ark are the only other possibilities imo if they elect to cooperate with the AZA. Same goes for Charlie Grey's herd.

The only other option would be to import a few cows from Europe.
That’s an interesting point. Ongard lacked the opportunity to observed reproductive behaviour at Melbourne Zoo as his sire was a behavioural non-breeder and therefore how he’ll perform as a natural breeder himself is uncertain.
Even though he's been grouped with both Dahlip (Miami's old bull) and Nellie together, I'm not sure whether he got the opportunity to witness the right behaviours from Dahlip who was old in his own right. The intention was for him to serve as a mentor for Ongard, although I'm not sure how well that went.
 
Do either you or @Jambo know if he’s been trained for AI? It’s not hard to imagine this would be beneficial for using him outside of Zoo Miami given his value to the North American population.

As of a few years ago he was in training to be a potential donor. It is very possible he is fully trained now!
He was essentially fully trained last I heard. There's long been talk of utilising him for AI.

I'm sure he was a candidate for being Winnie's sire a few years back, but I may be remembering wrong (that could have just been speculation on here).
 
Imo getting even Sabai into the region would be immensely beneficial for both regions. If a bull isn't needed straight away, then space is now open at Dubbo for another bull, bull calves, etc. Sabai would be a perfect fit for Miami to join Ongard as well. Despite their exhibit being far from top-tier, they do have capacity for an additional animal and I'm sure both bulls would thrive with each other's company.

As for hypothetical exports down the line, I went a head and looked at bulls that will be under the age of 20 in about a decade (and of those, ones realistically options to export in connection to the worldwide breeding program), which leaves:

- 1.0 Kabir (Upali x SheRa) 2017.05.15
- 1.0 Sanjay (Upali x Anak) 2018.02.10
- 1.0 Onyx (Johnson × Opal) 2018.08.18
- 1.0 Nelson (Thailand × Shanti) 2020.05.12
- 1.0 Teddy (Thailand × Tess) 2021.05.16
- 1.0 Frankie (Hank × Phoebe) 2021.06.16
- 1.0 Brazos (Romeo × Bluebonnet) 2021.10.21
- 1.0 Yaad (Doc × Mali) 2022.10.24
- 1.0 Tukada (Doc × Mali) 2022.10.24
- 1.0 Travis (Romeo x Belle) 2023.02.23
- 1.0 Jet (Jake x Jade) 2024.11.23
- 1.0 Xerxes (Bowie x Achara) 2025.06.16
- 1.0 Unnamed (Sabu x Phoebe) 2025.10.21

The most realistic options imo would be Nelson, the Fort Worth boys, potentially the twins, Jet and Xerxes.

I still question about Frankie ever being fully used for breeding to be honest. Given the array of bulls listed, he’s far from being genetic valuable in terms of top contender for breeding altogether.
 
I still question about Frankie ever being fully used for breeding to be honest. Given the array of bulls listed, he’s far from being genetic valuable in terms of top contender for breeding altogether.
Agreed, hence why I didn't list him in my contenders below the list. The list is just bull calves within SSP grasp that I think could be transfered, not necessarily ones I think have the best breeding application.
A few posts up I discussed my thoughts on Frankie's potential usage in the population, and I 100% agree that he's unlikely to be utilized.
 
Last edited:
Back
Top