Asian & African elephants in the United states 2013 (Zoos only)


And another link; this one summarises the findings of several papers on elephant welfare, including the above.

PLOS ONE: Determining Connections between the Daily Lives of Zoo Elephants and Their Welfare: An Epidemiological Approach

Perhaps the most striking finding is that enclosure size is secondary to social structure in ensuring optimal welfare. The importance of (readily modifiable) management and enrichment regimes is also stressed.

As the authors write: "caring for zoo animals is still more of an art rather than evidence-based". This research is exactly what zoos should be doing.
 
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