Charlie Gray is the mastermind behind all of these procedures, and he's involved in the European Asian community as well as the American and also has learned from and credits elephant pioneers from circuses. (A couple of these little girls are actually named after such non-zoo people). Considering the much larger pool of breeding females that Ringling had, ALS has had the much greater achievement in starting from a very small herd. And he has shared; Oregon and ABQ have suitable proven males in Samson and Albert that they may not have otherwise been able to procure.
In fact, ALS lineage includes Calvin and Tusko, both of whom are represented throughout the US population. Johnson has sired six of the seven (!!!!!!!!) females born in the last five years, so ALS will indeed need a new, unrelated male to sire the next generation of calves. I asked him about this, thinking out loud of possible males. He rejected two outright, saying that both were from lines that had certain medical problems. Gray has managed to be SELECTIVE in his breeding, refusing to use specimens with medical problems. AZA has few choices, lucky to find a genetically-appropriate male for each of our 12 breeding zoos. This could be part of his success. ALS has lost only one calf to EEHV, 1 out of 21, a rate far lower than here in the US. H
Gray does have two advantages that make all of this success possible. One, he is not constrained by AZA rules about protected contact. While I of course advocate for protected contact, much of what ALS does mentioned above has factored in breeding success. Males and females do interact; Gray explained that by giving no one male "alpha" status, musth is suppressed in all males. Gray allows them their natural behaviors, like the big herd swim at the end of the day or showing strength and smarts in an exhibition. While some might call these "performances," everything makes the public more aware of the awe and Majesty of the species. People who get up close and personal are likely to spread the word and become advocates for this endangered species. As importantly, visitors LOVE (myself included) being part of this, and they patronize ALS. Those admission fees for this for-profit organization literally make the elephant program possible.
Secondly, Gray has active contacts abroad. His first two elephants, Lilly and Phoebe, came from Israel, and he plans to get his new breeding male from Europe. With our own
gene pool getting closer and closer, zoos from all over the world should be exchanging unrelated males. CITES bans us from bringing animals from the wild, but we should be learning from Gray's larger vision and looking to create a world-wide SSP between zoos holding Asian elephants.