Australasian Common Chimpanzee Population

Update on Ceres’ infant:

Taronga Zoo have posted photos of Ceres’ new infant on socials. No news on gender, but the infant’s DOB was 29/07/2023.

Paternity guesses:

Paternity of Baby C:

Shiba’s infants have often had a wrinkled appearance to their face (which I also noted on Ceres and Samaki’s daughter, Cebele). These wrinkles are absent on this infant, so I’m going to discount Shabani, Samaki and Sudi as sires.

Sule is the most likely candidate, being the alpha male; but the lack of chin hairs gives me Furahi vibes (chin hairs are very prominent in Sacha’s line). Being a low ranking female, I’ll maintain my guess of adolescent male being a prime candidate - Fumo being the most likely given Liwali’s long facial structure; and that Sudi has been discounted.

Paternity of Lemba:

Looking back on old photos, Sule had distinct dark pigmentation, which was very prominent on Fumo.

It’d be interesting to see an old photo of Furahi, but personally I’d paternity test those three males re. Lemba before testing the other five candidates.

Summary:

These are the main candidates (imo):

Lemba (born May 2023):

Shabani, Samaki, Furahi, Shikamoo, Sule, Fumo, Sudi, Liwali

Baby C (born July 2023):

Shabani, Samaki, Furahi, Shikamoo, Sule, Fumo, Sudi, Liwali

Yes, you read that correctly - the same three candidates for each!
Thanks for the interpretation.

Re. Ceres new infant; I’ve looked back on old photos of Fumo as a youngster and he has much darker and bigger ears than this youngster. The nose is of a different shape too, although it’s possible these might be from Ceres. Whilst looking at photos of Sule though the two look almost identical; similar ear and nose shapes.

It’ll be interesting to see who sired each infant but my moneys on Furahi for Lemba and Sule for Baby C. :)
 
The photos on Taronga's Facebook of Ceres and Baby C are so gorgeous. May they live a long and healthy life.

My friend said Ceres has been vocalising a lot, which is common for her, but something she stopped doing after Cebele passed. Ceres and Cebele were exceptionally close and it was clear she was missing her.

Ceres isn’t a highly social female and she’s not as integrated as some of the others, but she clearly enjoys the companionship of her offspring. This new infant couldn’t have come at a better time.
 
My friend said Ceres has been vocalising a lot, which is common for her, but something she stopped doing after Cebele passed. Ceres and Cebele were exceptionally close and it was clear she was missing her.

Ceres isn’t a highly social female and she’s not as integrated as some of the others, but she clearly enjoys the companionship of her offspring. This new infant couldn’t have come at a better time.
Heartwarming to hear Ceres is doing much better. The loss of Cebeli would’ve surely been devastating for her and hopefully this young infant will keep Ceres busy in the years to come.

Considering she isn’t an overtly social female she obviously enjoys the companionship of her offspring more than others would, which makes more sense. Apparently she’s one of the more protective mothers of the group; and whilst other mothers (like Lisa, Kuma and Sacha) are more distant from their offspring as they grow up, Ceres reminds me a lot of Shiba in her close relationship with her offspring.
 
Heartwarming to hear Ceres is doing much better. The loss of Cebeli would’ve surely been devastating for her and hopefully this young infant will keep Ceres busy in the years to come.

Considering she isn’t an overtly social female she obviously enjoys the companionship of her offspring more than others would, which makes more sense. Apparently she’s one of the more protective mothers of the group; and whilst other mothers (like Lisa, Kuma and Sacha) are more distant from their offspring as they grow up, Ceres reminds me a lot of Shiba in her close relationship with her offspring.

It’s so interesting to observe the variation in parenting styles within the community and the variation in social skills.

I agree Ceres is very similar to Shiba with regards to her parenting skills. Both are devoted to their offspring and contrary to some of the other females, Shiba supports her adult offspring.

Over time, Shiba has evolved from a female outside of the central clique to a central figure of the social scene. It’s easy to attribute this to Samaki’s rise to power, but Shiba invests time in networking and has a lot of patience with the juveniles and adolescents.

When Fumo went through his tantrum stage, he would hit Shiba and she would calmly shield herself. Ceres by contrast would explode and hit him back - leading to Kuma and Naomi getting drawn into the conflict. Shiba clearly knew what to ignore and what to react to.

It wouldn’t surprise me to see Shiba retain her position into the future; whereas Ceres and Kuma will likely stabilise with future offspring (and hypothetically decrease without them). They simply don’t have the connections within the community.
 
Photos of Ceres’ infant/cause of Cebele’s death:

This article contains additional photos of Ceres’ infant for those interested. It also mentions the cause of Cebele’s death:

Taronga Zoo welcomes adorable new baby: SEE THE PHOTOS

The new arrival is great news for mother Ceres who recently lost her daughter Cebele to a rare cancer at just five years old.

“Ceres is such a gentle mother, and it’s so special for us to watch her heal after Cebele’s passing and become a mum again,” Mr Buzas said.
 
Photos of Ceres’ infant/cause of Cebele’s death:

This article contains additional photos of Ceres’ infant for those interested. It also mentions the cause of Cebele’s death:

Taronga Zoo welcomes adorable new baby: SEE THE PHOTOS

The new arrival is great news for mother Ceres who recently lost her daughter Cebele to a rare cancer at just five years old.

“Ceres is such a gentle mother, and it’s so special for us to watch her heal after Cebele’s passing and become a mum again,” Mr Buzas said.
The article also interestingly implies Sule is the alpha male which is what I’d expected going forward. Shikamoo dosen’t seem to have nearly as much drive for the position as his younger brother does so it was always inevitable that Sule would be the actual alpha male with Shikamoo providing the support to the role.

It’s also wonderful to hear Sule has already approached the little one and interacted which quite unusual. Although if Sule is the father as predicted this wouldn’t be much of a surprise. :)
 
The article also interestingly implies Sule is the alpha male which is what I’d expected going forward. Shikamoo dosen’t seem to have nearly as much drive for the position as his younger brother does so it was always inevitable that Sule would be the actual alpha male with Shikamoo providing the support to the role.

It’s also wonderful to hear Sule has already approached the little one and interacted which quite unusual. Although if Sule is the father as predicted this wouldn’t be much of a surprise. :)

Same here. Sule and Shikamoo essentially rose to the alpha position as co-leaders considering Sule was the power behind the throne; but since his coalition with Samaki, Sule has had his eyes on the alpha role.

While popular, Shikamoo lacks the political nous that Sule utilises to his full advantage. I imagine Shikamoo is content to support him in his role given he has no avenue for seizing it from him at this point in time. It’ll be a long time before any other males have the support to topple their coalition - but my money would be on Niambi (especially if Naomi can provide him with a brother next year).

From what I understand, it’s common for females to restrict access to their newborn - with the alpha usually one of the first permitted to inspect the baby. As a low ranking female, with no sons, Ceres may be conscious of needing his support and protection. That said, a sustained interest (as we saw with Shikamoo re. Fumo) is a strong indication of paternity! :)
 
Amazing photo of Lisa and little Lemba taken by @DaLilFishie that was posted in the gallery.

Her darker face is very reminiscent of the 'F' line!:D

full
 
Amazing photo of Lisa and little Lemba taken by @DaLilFishie that was posted in the gallery.

Her darker face is very reminiscent of the 'F' line!:D

full

She looks very similar to Fumo at that age. It’s a very distinct look compared to Shiba’s offspring, who have the pink, wrinkled faces. I strongly suspect Furahi is the sire; but we can’t discount Fumo either. His father was his age when he sired him after all!
 
She looks very similar to Fumo at that age. It’s a very distinct look compared to Shiba’s offspring, who have the pink, wrinkled faces. I strongly suspect Furahi is the sire; but we can’t discount Fumo either. His father was his age when he sired him after all!
I strongly agree! Shiba's line have very very pink faces and so do Sacha's, so it's been a while since we've seen a chimp with a darker face like Lemba's.

Additionally, Liwali had a very pigmented face (and was sired by Samaki) so I think we can rule out Shabani/Samaki/Sudi.

Furahi and Fumo are my predictions for sire; it certainly looks to be a Kuma descended baby.

Furahi has maintained a close relationship with Lisa over the years so he's probably the favourite at this point, especially as he's the third highest ranking male behind the brotherly alliance. Wouldn't rule out Fumo though! He's always in on everything.:D
 
I strongly agree! Shiba's line have very very pink faces and so do Sacha's, so it's been a while since we've seen a chimp with a darker face like Lemba's.

Additionally, Liwali had a very pigmented face (and was sired by Samaki) so I think we can rule out Shabani/Samaki/Sudi.

Furahi and Fumo are my predictions for sire; it certainly looks to be a Kuma descended baby.

Furahi has maintained a close relationship with Lisa over the years so he's probably the favourite at this point, especially as he's the third highest ranking male behind the brotherly alliance. Wouldn't rule out Fumo though! He's always in on everything.:D

Females are certainly conscious of which male is in power or is likely to rise to power and Lemba would have been conceived as the Shikamoo/Sule leadership was still being cemented. Samaki had fallen in ranking, but it was still very much anyone’s game and Furahi would have been a contender for sure at that point - making him a likely bet. :)

As we know from past paternity results, being the alpha is no guarantee to paternity and there’s been countless cases of the beta or gamma males getting lucky.

We can of course rule out Liwali in this case. Mother-son matings are rare when reproductive aged alternatives are in the community (and Lisa had seven other males to choose from!)
 
Females are certainly conscious of which male is in power or is likely to rise to power and Lemba would have been conceived as the Shikamoo/Sule leadership was still being cemented. Samaki had fallen in ranking, but it was still very much anyone’s game and Furahi would have been a contender for sure at that point - making him a likely bet. :)

As we know from past paternity results, being the alpha is no guarantee to paternity and there’s been countless cases of the beta or gamma males getting lucky.

We can of course rule out Liwali in this case. Mother-son matings are rare when reproductive aged alternatives are in the community (and Lisa had seven other males to choose from!)
Middle to lower ranking females would also not have the desire and attention of the higher ranking males; especially if another higher ranking females receptive, as she would be more appealing. Politics are certainly key - the higher ranking males want to have babies with the higher ranking females to maintain their position and support, and the same goes for the females.

Since Lubutu's death, Lisa's status has dropped so there's a real possibility one of the lower ranking males slid in. I had hoped Shabani would sire an infant (to continue the 'M' line at Taronga) but young Lemba does seem to be the offspring of Furahi/Fumo. The best turnout would be if Kamili successfully raised an offspring sired by Shabani! Probably unrealistic but there's certainly a small chance.:)

On the topic of relatedness, it would probably be better if Fumo sired young Lemba genetically. Lisa is Furahi's maternal grandmother, whereas Fumo is more distantly related with Lisa being his paternal great grandmother.
 
Middle to lower ranking females would also not have the desire and attention of the higher ranking males; especially if another higher ranking females receptive, as she would be more appealing. Politics are certainly key - the higher ranking males want to have babies with the higher ranking females to maintain their position and support, and the same goes for the females.

Since Lubutu's death, Lisa's status has dropped so there's a real possibility one of the lower ranking males slid in. I had hoped Shabani would sire an infant (to continue the 'M' line at Taronga) but young Lemba does seem to be the offspring of Furahi/Fumo. The best turnout would be if Kamili successfully raised an offspring sired by Shabani! Probably unrealistic but there's certainly a small chance.:)

On the topic of relatedness, it would probably be better if Fumo sired young Lemba genetically. Lisa is Furahi's maternal grandmother, whereas Fumo is more distantly related with Lisa being his paternal great grandmother.

Exactly. I’ve also heard females with the largest swellings (prime aged) are the most attractive to the males - so when there’s an overlap of prime age and ranking e.g. Naomi, you can imagine the chaos.

Kamili reportedly incited a fight amongst the males when she was cycling a few months back. Sacha diffused it, almost as if she was reminding them Kamili wasn’t worth it. :p She latched onto Shabani for years, but apparently has favoured several different males of late - including Samaki.

I agree Fumo would be a better genetic match than Furahi. Even though we’ve discounted them, it’s worth noting Lisa is believed to have been sired by Jojo, while we know Shiba was not. This means Shabani and Sudi would both be good matches (I use this term loosely considering how inbred the community has become).

On that note, Cebele’s death is particularly unfortunate as she was sired by Samaki, whose time has been and gone. If she were to remain in the community, more distant relatives would be far more likely candidates for siring her infants.
 
Exactly. I’ve also heard females with the largest swellings (prime aged) are the most attractive to the males - so when there’s an overlap of prime age and ranking e.g. Naomi, you can imagine the chaos.

Kamili reportedly incited a fight amongst the males when she was cycling a few months back. Sacha diffused it, almost as if she was reminding them Kamili wasn’t worth it. :p She latched onto Shabani for years, but apparently has favoured several different males of late - including Samaki.

I agree Fumo would be a better genetic match than Furahi. Even though we’ve discounted them, it’s worth noting Lisa is believed to have been sired by Jojo, while we know Shiba was not. This means Shabani and Sudi would both be good matches (I use this term loosely considering how inbred the community has become).

On that note, Cebele’s death is particularly unfortunate as she was sired by Samaki, whose time has been and gone. If she were to remain in the community, more distant relatives would be far more likely candidates for siring her infants.
Kamili seems to have a thing for the lower ranking males; Shabani, and now Samaki. She's also a female who loves the spotlight and attention from the males. I can only imagine what she would be like with a decent sized family group.:p

Shiba's line is therefore perhaps the most valuable at Taronga which would probably explain why she's been allowed to build up the biggest family group. Her mother Susie's line is only represented through Samantha at Wellington elsewhere and Shiba's only grandchild is Liwali who'll probably be a middle ranking male at most; meaning he probably won't be siring many infants. If she was sired by Mike she would be very valuable; although Flint was mentioned as the most likely (being beta) and he's a full brother Jojo so the same genetically.

I wonder if Taronga may consider vasectomising Shikamoo/Sule soon. Taronga have done this in the past with Lubutu, ensuring the line dosen't become too represented within the troop. It would allow perhaps the younger males (Fumo, Sudi, Liwali ect.) to sire offspring being less related; but I guess with the older breeding females (Shiba, Kuma) now getting older this wouldn't really matter anyway.
 
Kamili seems to have a thing for the lower ranking males; Shabani, and now Samaki. She's also a female who loves the spotlight and attention from the males. I can only imagine what she would be like with a decent sized family group.:p

Shiba's line is therefore perhaps the most valuable at Taronga which would probably explain why she's been allowed to build up the biggest family group. Her mother Susie's line is only represented through Samantha at Wellington elsewhere and Shiba's only grandchild is Liwali who'll probably be a middle ranking male at most; meaning he probably won't be siring many infants. If she was sired by Mike she would be very valuable; although Flint was mentioned as the most likely (being beta) and he's a full brother Jojo so the same genetically.

I wonder if Taronga may consider vasectomising Shikamoo/Sule soon. Taronga have done this in the past with Lubutu, ensuring the line dosen't become too represented within the troop. It would allow perhaps the younger males (Fumo, Sudi, Liwali ect.) to sire offspring being less related; but I guess with the older breeding females (Shiba, Kuma) now getting older this wouldn't really matter anyway.

Interestingly, it was noted that Lulu’s son (Lewis) was vasectomised in 1995 to prevent further representation of this line. The motive was obvious (boosting Snowy’s chances of siring offspring), but there was no move to vasectomise Monte or Gombe, both of which were equally represented as Lewis.

Lubutu’s rise to power was a twist of fate that saw this line restricted again (via his vasectomy in 2009); but another twist of fate saw Sandali effectively ousted from the community - the consequence of which is his line is now extensively represented at Monarto (and unlikely to change for a decade or more). Combined with Sally’s success at Wellington (two surviving sons), I would 100% recommend vasectomising Shikamoo and Sule.

Shiba is a first generation female, which helps her cause - but being sired by Mike would make her even more valuable, considering he only has four known living descendants. It wouldn’t surprise me to see Hamilton cease breeding until him and Lucifer pass, so going forward - his two grandaughters could well be his only reproductive descendants. In any case, Lucifer is effectively non reproductive (with Luka dominating access to the troop’s only breeeing female).
 
Interestingly, it was noted that Lulu’s son (Lewis) was vasectomised in 1995 to prevent further representation of this line. The motive was obvious (boosting Snowy’s chances of siring offspring), but there was no move to vasectomise Monte or Gombe, both of which were equally represented as Lewis.

Lubutu’s rise to power was a twist of fate that saw this line restricted again (via his vasectomy in 2009); but another twist of fate saw Sandali effectively ousted from the community - the consequence of which is his line is now extensively represented at Monarto (and unlikely to change for a decade or more). Combined with Sally’s success at Wellington (two surviving sons), I would 100% recommend vasectomising Shikamoo and Sule.

Shiba is a first generation female, which helps her cause - but being sired by Mike would make her even more valuable, considering he only has four known living descendants. It wouldn’t surprise me to see Hamilton cease breeding until him and Lucifer pass, so going forward - his two grandaughters could well be his only reproductive descendants. In any case, Lucifer is effectively non reproductive (with Luka dominating access to the troop’s only breeeing female).
Vasectomising Shikamoo and Sule would be best for the community's genetics (even though they already are well inbred). I would position them doing it obviously sooner rather than later as Sacha's line is going to be very well represented especially as Zuri and Enzi will likely be breeding going forward too.

I'd also argue the case of vasectomising Furahi too who's unfortunately the result of two very very represented lines. His younger brother, Fumo, would be a better match for the current females imo and Kuma will hopefully conceive again next year (fingers crossed for a girl!).

That would leave Fumo/Sudi/Liwali and Samaki/Shabani as the main breeding males. Samaki and Shabani are lower ranking and so would be doubtful siring any infants, especially as they're the two oldest males in troop.

If Shiba is sired by Mike, Sembe, Sudi and Safiri will be even more valuable. Perhaps the plan is to wait for Safiri to reach adequate age before transferring her and Safiri elsewhere? It would be surprising to see Taronga end another maternal line that's been prevalent for decades though. Shiba's two girls and Lemba are the last hopes!
 
Vasectomising Shikamoo and Sule would be best for the community's genetics (even though they already are well inbred). I would position them doing it obviously sooner rather than later as Sacha's line is going to be very well represented especially as Zuri and Enzi will likely be breeding going forward too.

I'd also argue the case of vasectomising Furahi too who's unfortunately the result of two very very represented lines. His younger brother, Fumo, would be a better match for the current females imo and Kuma will hopefully conceive again next year (fingers crossed for a girl!).

That would leave Fumo/Sudi/Liwali and Samaki/Shabani as the main breeding males. Samaki and Shabani are lower ranking and so would be doubtful siring any infants, especially as they're the two oldest males in troop.

If Shiba is sired by Mike, Sembe, Sudi and Safiri will be even more valuable. Perhaps the plan is to wait for Safiri to reach adequate age before transferring her and Safiri elsewhere? It would be surprising to see Taronga end another maternal line that's been prevalent for decades though. Shiba's two girls and Lemba are the last hopes!

If Taronga vasectomised Shikamoo, Sule and Furahi this year, it would be an ideal opportunity for Shabani and Samaki to sire offspring when they go to breed from Kuma and Naomi next year. Although they’re low ranking, the adolescent males are still in the process of entering the hierarchy and for now rank below them.

Give it a year, certainly two years and I’d expect to see Fumo as the fourth highest ranking male - below Sule, Shikamoo and Furahi. Long term, I’d expect him to overtake Furahi but can’t see him (or anyone) overthrowing Sule for the foreseeable.

Like Shabani, Chimbuka and Sandali to Lubutu - the adolescents have the worst of both worlds re. Sule. He had the initial advantage of age, but they’ll likely be past their prime when he concedes power or passes.

Pending any seismic changes to the community, Niambi is the obvious successor to Sule in my opinion. When he’s in his early to mid-teens, Sule will be in his late 20’s and his days as alpha will be numbered. Throw in a male supporting Niambi (either a brother or another adolescent) and Naomi’s influence and I see his bid for alpha going unopposed.
 
Wild Life at the Zoo Season 2, Episode 6 recap:

With the news that Kamili is pregnant at Taronga Zoo and due in January 2024, @Zoofan15 and I were discussing an episode of one of the many Taronga-set TV series, from 2013, which covered one of Kamili's previous unsuccessful pregnancies. The series, unfortunately, isn't readily available online.

However, episodes are available through my university's library's online database, so I tracked down the Kamili episode (which was in fact the final episode of the show altogether) and have detailed below what the episode indicates about this particular pregnancy of Kamili's.

The episode commences a year after the move of Taronga’s troop back to their refurbished exhibit. During this time, none of the females have conceived - indeed, there have been no births in Taronga’s troop for five years. The alpha male, Lubutu, has been vasectomised to prevent him becoming overrepresented.

However, Lubutu has been gatekeeping mating with the females. Eventually, though, Shabani and Samaki, known as the S boys, seize the opportunity to mate with Kamili. Four months later, the keepers haven’t noticed further oestrus swellings, and Kamili seems to be developing a baby bump.

Therefore, they head off to the local pharmacy in Mosman to purchase a human pregnancy test to determine if Kamili is pregnant. To collect a urine sample for the test, keepers - to prevent fighting - supply the whole troop with mango juice mixed with honey. They finally conduct the test and determine that Kamili is pregnant.

Keepers consider separating Shiba and her family from the rest of the troop for when Kamili gives birth; however, this is not without risks of unrest within the wider troop, so doesn’t necessarily guarantee the baby’s survival. Ultimately, Shiba and a group of companions are separated from Kamili and Koko, who remain in the main exhibit.

However, this move increases the tensions and anxiety amongst the troop, with the males’ display behaviour becoming increasingly aggressive. As the chimps in both groups still have visual contact with each other, after five days - and with Kamili yet to give birth - the troop is reintegrated successfully.

Once Kamili’s baby is born, keepers find the infant dead and being held by her mother, Koko. The post-mortem reveals the infant was a male who was born alive and suffered massive traumatic injuries. However, the birth took place outside the view of CCTV, so they are unable to determine which chimpanzees were involved in the infant’s death.

The episode ends with the news that Koko and Kuma (ultimately, with Fumo) are also pregnant.
 
Wild Life at the Zoo Season 2, Episode 6 recap:

With the news that Kamili is pregnant at Taronga Zoo and due in January 2024, @Zoofan15 and I were discussing an episode of one of the many Taronga-set TV series, from 2013, which covered one of Kamili's previous unsuccessful pregnancies. The series, unfortunately, isn't readily available online.

However, episodes are available through my university's library's online database, so I tracked down the Kamili episode (which was in fact the final episode of the show altogether) and have detailed below what the episode indicates about this particular pregnancy of Kamili's.

The episode commences a year after the move of Taronga’s troop back to their refurbished exhibit. During this time, none of the females have conceived - indeed, there have been no births in Taronga’s troop for five years. The alpha male, Lubutu, has been vasectomised to prevent him becoming overrepresented.

However, Lubutu has been gatekeeping mating with the females. Eventually, though, Shabani and Samaki, known as the S boys, seize the opportunity to mate with Kamili. Four months later, the keepers haven’t noticed further oestrus swellings, and Kamili seems to be developing a baby bump.

Therefore, they head off to the local pharmacy in Mosman to purchase a human pregnancy test to determine if Kamili is pregnant. To collect a urine sample for the test, keepers - to prevent fighting - supply the whole troop with mango juice mixed with honey. They finally conduct the test and determine that Kamili is pregnant.

Keepers consider separating Shiba and her family from the rest of the troop for when Kamili gives birth; however, this is not without risks of unrest within the wider troop, so doesn’t necessarily guarantee the baby’s survival. Ultimately, Shiba and a group of companions are separated from Kamili and Koko, who remain in the main exhibit.

However, this move increases the tensions and anxiety amongst the troop, with the males’ display behaviour becoming increasingly aggressive. As the chimps in both groups still have visual contact with each other, after five days - and with Kamili yet to give birth - the troop is reintegrated successfully.

Once Kamili’s baby is born, keepers find the infant dead and being held by her mother, Koko. The post-mortem reveals the infant was a male who was born alive and suffered massive traumatic injuries. However, the birth took place outside the view of CCTV, so they are unable to determine which chimpanzees were involved in the infant’s death.

The episode ends with the news that Koko and Kuma (ultimately, with Fumo) are also pregnant.

Thank you for that excellent episode synopsis, @Abbey. It was a real pleasure to read and an episode I’ve been curious about for many years!

It’s really fascinating to hear about the strategies used to manage the community over this time. Reintroductions of both males and females can often be explosive and even on hindsight, I’d agree they made the right call. If Shiba was a genuine infanticide risk, she would have been equally likely to attack the infant upon reintroduction (as happened with Mary re. Lulu’s twins in 1983). Keeping them apart would never have worked.

I do recall at the time hearing Shiba’s family had been separated - along with Sacha’s line. I believe the latter was included to provide the juvenile Sembe with Sule’s companionship.

The infant in this episode was born in March 2013. An interesting note that Koko was found with the infant. She killed Kamili’s next infant born June 2014, so she’d be the prime suspect imo.

I’d assume the infant Koko was carrying in 2013 was miscarried before reaching full term as her next recorded birth was in September 2014 (she killed this infant too). Kuma indeed gave birth to Fumo in October 2013.
 
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