Bushmeat consumption and illegal wildlife trade and the spread of diseases

In Australia, it is very common to see kangaroo, emu and crocodile served in restaurants.

One restaurant I dined at in Canberra many years ago served a "coat of arms" dish, which consisted of kangaroo on one side, emu on the other and some native vegetables in the middle. It was very tasty.

622px-Australian_Coat_of_Arms.png


You can buy kangaroo in many supermarkets. It's a very lean meat - takes a bit of skill to cook it without it drying out and becoming very tough. My wife's uncle was a butcher and made a kangaroo metwurst which was apparently very popular.

Our kangaroos, emus and crocodiles are hardly endangered and many are farmed for their meat.

Hunting of feral animals for food is widely considered acceptable (amongst the omnivores in our society anyway :rolleyes: ) and helps the native environment too! In Australia, we have plentiful:
  • rabbits (although viruses introduced to control their population has put them off most people's menus)
  • deer
  • camels
  • pigs
  • goats (huge export market opportunity!)
  • foxes (although I've not heard of anyone hunting them for meat - my cousin's husband used to make a living hunting them for their pelt)
  • cane toad (lots of them, nobody wants to eat them - eww!)
  • donkey (again, not heard of anyone wanting to eat them)
  • water buffalo (challenging to deal with given the size and temperament - but could be opportunities there? I wonder what they taste like?)
"Feral" is very different to "wild" though.

@Chlidonias does anyone in NZ eat our Australian possums which are considered feral pests over there?

Are the kangaroos, emus and crocodiles always farmed? - if not, and it they were wild taken, they would surely be 'bush-meat', quite literally in Aus!

I am not sure that for this discussion, 'feral' is any different to 'wild'. I have never heard of bush-meat differentiating between the two. The point being that either/both are living in the wild with access to other wild populations, pathogens, parasites etc outside the control of human agriculture.

As I thought, it does seem that what is called 'bush-meat' in China or Africa, is called something else in other countries - condemned in the former and accepted in the latter?
 
Could you give an example of wild animals consumed in the west? I've never come across any personally, although I do know people who have eaten ostrich, zebra and other exotic meats. Is this what you mean or more along the lines of frog legs or snails? Or even venison?

There's a stall at my local market that sells whole pheasants, partridge and duck. They could most probably provide hare, rabbit and venison if asked. Of course, in the West, we don't call wild meat 'bush-meat', it's called 'game'. The terminology might be different, but the intention is the same - wild animals caught for the pot
 
@Chlidonias does anyone in NZ eat our Australian possums which are considered feral pests over there?
They are eaten but basically as a novelty, not because anyone wants to eat them. When I lived on the West Coast there was a place down further south which sold possum pies. I tried one once. It was not good at all, but I don't know if that is because possum tastes bad or just because the pie tasted bad.

goats (huge export market opportunity!)
donkey (again, not heard of anyone wanting to eat them)
I have had donkey in China. It is very good.

I have also started eating goat quite a bit lately because two of the local supermarkets have begun selling goat sausages. They also are very good.
 
I have also started eating goat quite a bit lately because two of the local supermarkets have begun selling goat sausages. They also are very good.
Are goats really that rarely eaten? Here they are farmed and eaten almost as regularly as chicken or beef. In fact, maybe more than the latter.
 
Are goats really that rarely eaten? Here they are farmed and eaten almost as regularly as chicken or beef. In fact, maybe more than the latter.
It depends on the country and culture. With Europeans, some cultures find it an unpalatable idea to eat goat meat while in others it is normal.
 
Not strictly related to the bushmeat trade but this article appeared on the Mongabay a couple of days ago.It is quite thought provoking so I thought I'd share.

My gut feeling is similar to the authors. I genuinely believe there will be future pandemics that arise in Amazonia as a result of current deforestation. Worryingly unlike equatorial Africa and East / South-East Asia it tends to be a bit of a blindspot in terms of the monitoring of infectious zoonotic disease .

Rapid deforestation of Brazilian Amazon could bring next pandemic: Experts
 
Rabbit, deer (apart from the odd roadkill), camel, emu, crocodile and pheasant (at least the youngsters) are all usually reared on farms for consumption.
Kangaroo are never farmed, but common (harvested is probably best term). Feral goat are rounded up (so not farmed), but not sure if they enter the human food chain. Hare - not farmed, but also pretty rare in UK.
Game vs bush meat? Difficult to argue that one is not the same as the other.
 
There's a stall at my local market that sells whole pheasants, partridge and duck. They could most probably provide hare, rabbit and venison if asked. Of course, in the West, we don't call wild meat 'bush-meat', it's called 'game'. The terminology might be different, but the intention is the same - wild animals caught for the pot

Wild animals being caught for eating, and in most cases in some form of commercial scheme rather than for sustenance or out of any true necessity. I guess this might not be the same in all parts of the Western world, but here in Europe game meats are often considered delicacies, and you will often have to pay a fair amount to buy the meat or eat a dish with it.

I actually quite enjoy at least pheasant, wild boar and venison, and in my family we have a tradition of eating venison stew at family parties. But I am starting to question whether I should continue enjoying those.

While the hunting and wildlife eating in Europe, America or Australia might perhaps be done more ethically and hygienically, and might not pose the same risk as eating just about any living creature in China and storing, selling and preparing all those animals in very unhygienic conditions, it is still eating wildlife and at least for me it is starting to raise questions. Are we in the West to an extent hypocrites or can we say we're on some kind of moral high ground when it comes to wildlife consumption? Can we determine which ways of hunting and consuming wildlife in a commercial scheme are ethical, sustainable and safe, or is this humans should just not ethically do, and should we blanket-ban wildlife consumption that is not needed for sustenance? Can someone who is concerned about conservation and wildlife preservation actually ever ethically eat wild animals? Interesting but difficult questions.

It depends on the country and culture. With Europeans, some cultures find it an unpalatable idea to eat goat meat while in others it is normal.

Here in Belgium goat meat and mutton (sheep meat other than lamb) are sold by at least some halal butchers. So presumably some people of foreign descent do eat it, but not native Europeans.

The same, incidentally, applies to horsemeat.

Horse meat is pretty taboo in most Anglo-Saxon countries, I believe. However here in Belgium it is eaten and considered a delicacy. I have eaten horse meat and it is actually not bad at all.

That said, my experience is that ,even in countries where horse meat is eaten, people who have something to do with horses are generally find the idea of consuming horse meat revolting and unacceptable.

A few years ago there was a big scandal in Europe about horse meat having made its way into processed meat products and ready-made meals.

Not strictly related to the bushmeat trade but this article appeared on the Mongabay a couple of days ago.It is quite thought provoking so I thought I'd share.

My gut feeling is similar to the authors. I genuinely believe there will be future pandemics that arise in Amazonia as a result of current deforestation. Worryingly unlike equatorial Africa and East / South-East Asia it tends to be a bit of a blindspot in terms of the monitoring of infectious zoonotic disease .

Rapid deforestation of Brazilian Amazon could bring next pandemic: Experts

If you shake a tree, you know things will fall out, and some of those things might be real nasty.

Whether is deforestation in the Amazon, commercial bushmeat hunting in African rainforests, wildlife trade and consumption in China or industrial scale animal agriculture and its environmental effects pretty much anywhere in the world, all of those activities pose some degree of risk with regards to zoonotic outbreaks and potentially pandemics. Unfortunately we probably aren't going to be able to totally end any of them, and the most we can do is manage these impacts on our environment as much as possible - which is already a huge challenge in the world we live in today.

Covid-19 is not going to make that any easier. As I have said before, I am not at all sanguine about lessons being learned from Covid-19 and necessary changes being made. Sooner or later it will unfortunately probably be business as usual again to a significant extent.

So far we haven't really seen any zoonotic diseases come out of the Amazon that have epidemic or pandemic potential on the scale of one of the Asian bat coronaviruses, but statistically and logically there must be something out there. That should be one more reason why the exploitation of the Amazon should be of grave concern and should be minimized and managed as much as possible. However with a president who has no concern for the environment and continues to deny the current pandemic is anything to worry about, even in the face of news reports of Covid-19 killing people by the thousands each day, there is pretty much no chance for that happening. So I think we can probably expect a bad spillover to occur in South America somewhere in the upcoming decade.

Finally, an interesting but disturbing note about African bushmeat hunting: at least some of that is commercial and some of that African bushmeat actually makes it to African communities in Western countries. It was exposed a few years ago that African bushmeat, including monkeys, is illegally and secretly sold in Brussels, Belgium. It might happen elsewhere also. I would definitely call that concerning and a potential risk.
 
If you shake a tree, you know things will fall out, and some of those things might be real nasty.

Whether is deforestation in the Amazon, commercial bushmeat hunting in African rainforests, wildlife trade and consumption in China or industrial scale animal agriculture and its environmental effects pretty much anywhere in the world, all of those activities pose some degree of risk with regards to zoonotic outbreaks and potentially pandemics. Unfortunately we probably aren't going to be able to totally end any of them, and the most we can do is manage these impacts on our environment as much as possible - which is already a huge challenge in the world we live in today.

Covid-19 is not going to make that any easier. As I have said before, I am not all sanguine about lessons being learned from Covid-19 and necessary changes being made. Sooner or later it will unfortunately probably be business as usual again to a significant extent.

So far we haven't really seen any zoonotic diseases come out of the Amazon that have epidemic or pandemic potential on the scale of one of the Asian bat coronaviruses, but statistically and logically there must be something out there. That should be one more reason why the exploitation of the Amazon should be of grave concern and should be minimized and managed as much as possible. However with a president who has no concern for the environment and continues to deny the current pandemic is anything to worry about in the face of news reports of Covid-19 killing people by the thousands each day there is pretty much no chance for that happening. So I think we can probably expect a bad spillover to occur in South America somewhere in the upcoming decade.

Very well said, and my thoughts exactly.

Personally I view a spillover event (but I have no idea what its severity would be or whether it will be regional or global) in the Amazon region or indeed in wider South America to be an inevitability.

Also worth mentioning that bushmeat is not only an issue in Central Africa or East / South East Asia. Although it doesn't get as much coverage it is also a growing problem in Latin America and is not really just confined to the Amazon.

The bushmeat trade (a recurring problem in the conservation of primates such as the muriqui) even occurs within Sao Paulo State in what is left of the greatly reduced Atlantic rainforest.
 
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Here in Belgium goat meat and mutton (sheep meat other than lamb) are sold by at least some halal butchers. So presumably some people of foreign descent do eat it, but not native Europeans.
"Native Europeans"? How narrow is your definition of "Europe" (or, indeed, "native")?
 
Are goats really that rarely eaten? Here they are farmed and eaten almost as regularly as chicken or beef. In fact, maybe more than the latter.

This is why I highlighted the export opportunity here in Australia.

I know that in some areas where the feral goat population is out of control, the government has given farmers permission to round them up and then ship the meat off to countries which do eat goat meat. It has helped many of them through difficult periods of drought.

'We couldn't do it without the dogs': The lucrative business of mustering feral goats

There is some demand for goat meat here in Australia - but it's relatively small compared to beef and lamb. Most of the demand locally is satisfied by farmed domestic goats rather than feral goats.
 
Very interesting article... Also, here people eat a lot of wildlife such as Crocodiles, iguanas and not so common but in some cases possums.
They don't care what it is just eat them, they eat armadillo and snakes too. I would like to eat other kinds of animals, not just the common ones but sometimes endangered animals being eaten, I can't believe it.
 
Are the kangaroos, emus and crocodiles always farmed? - if not, and it they were wild taken, they would surely be 'bush-meat', quite literally in Aus!

I am not sure that for this discussion, 'feral' is any different to 'wild'. I have never heard of bush-meat differentiating between the two. The point being that either/both are living in the wild with access to other wild populations, pathogens, parasites etc outside the control of human agriculture.

As I thought, it does seem that what is called 'bush-meat' in China or Africa, is called something else in other countries - condemned in the former and accepted in the latter?

I don't know how much of the meat is from farmed vs wild taken - but in most cases, you are not permitted to kill native species in Australia without a permit, so I would think most of it is farmed.

In Australia, our geography as an isolated island - plus our strict quarantine laws - mean that we can realistically differentiate between feral and wild, with feral generally being used to refer to "non-native" (introduced) wild animals.

That being said - the term feral refers to both introduced pest species and escaped domestic species. For example, there is a feral brumby problem in some areas - horses that escaped and formed their own wild populations. Same with goats, deer, buffalo, camels - they were introduced either as farm animals or work animals and some escaped and formed their own feral populations.

Feral dogs and cats (escaped domestic animals) are a problem in many areas too - there's almost no pure dingoes left in Australia, since there has been so much interbreeding with feral dogs.

I recognise that in many other countries, there is no real difference between feral and wild since there are no effective borders or the feral populations have been there so long that they are effectively natural in their ecosystem.
 
Very interesting article... Also, here people eat a lot of wildlife such as Crocodiles, iguanas and not so common but in some cases possums.
They don't care what it is just eat them, they eat armadillo and snakes too. I would like to eat other kinds of animals, not just the common ones but sometimes endangered animals being eaten, I can't believe it.

Interesting to read this about the situation in Panama. Sadly I think the species you mentioned are common targets of bushmeat hunting not only in Central America but throughout the Americas (Simply exchange crocodiles for caimans and there are identical levels of hunting of these crocodilians in Southern and Central South America where crocodylus does not naturally occur).

I've never heard of possums being eaten in Brazil but I know that they are hunted for this purpose in rural areas in Mexico and if I remember correctly also on a Caribbean island nation (I just can't remember which this is though) in particular where it is considered a delicacy (or at least that is what I remember reading once).
 
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It will never end while there are starving people and greedy merchants who do not respect wild animals. In the southeastern united states there are rural people who eat any critter on 2 or 4 legs including armadillos(aka hard shell possums in the half shell like oysters), possums, coons, gopher tortoises and juvenile herons and pelicans from nests. Also, eating gator meat and freshwater turtles like snappers and softshells is legal.
 
It will never end while there are starving people and greedy merchants who do not respect wild animals. In the southeastern united states there are rural people who eat any critter on 2 or 4 legs including armadillos(aka hard shell possums in the half shell like oysters), possums, coons, gopher tortoises and juvenile herons and pelicans from nests. Also, eating gator meat and freshwater turtles like snappers and softshells is legal.

True , but it isn't necessarily always a trade inextricably linked with extreme poverty or malnutrition. Whilst the bushmeat trade within parts of Equatorial Africa is more often linked to the difficulty of food production related to raising livestock that are invariably vulnerable to tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis there are also affluent consumers of the meat who will purchase it as a status symbol.

Sometimes the merchants are just supplying what the greedy consumers want to eat for whatever socio-cultural or socio-economic reasons. As KevinB has said above, some of these consumers are evidently also located in the West African diaspora of Europe and North America. Several illegal attempts to traffick great ape and primate meat in suitcases have been intercepted at numerous airports over the years.

In Brazil there was an incident back in the late 80's or 90's of a mass killing of muriquis in a National park which wiped out a significant percentage of the species wild population. This was apparently done by poachers (who were arrested and interrogated / jailed) contracted by a fancy expensive restaurant in an urban area which wanted to serve its clients "exotic" meat such as that of monkeys as a "novelty".
 
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"Native Europeans"? How narrow is your definition of "Europe" (or, indeed, "native")?

By native Europeans I meant the Caucasian populations of Europe that have lived on the continent for centuries. Basically all other populations other than the people who have migrated to Europe from North or Sub-Saharan Africa, Turkey or Asia in the last century or so, and their descendants.

I also want to point out that I did not intend to make some kind of racist distinction. All I meant to do is that there are some cultural differences between populations of different ancestry in Europe, including with regards to meat-eating.

Sometimes the merchants are just supplying what the greedy consumers want to eat for whatever socio-cultural or socio-economic reasons. As KevinB has said above, some of these consumers are evidently also located in the West African diaspora of Europe and North America. Several illegal attempts to traffick great ape and primate meat in suitcases have been intercepted at numerous airports over the years.

The same TV documentary on bushmeat trade I pointed out above also mentioned that customs at Brussels Airport only does irregular checks of the many flights that under normal conditions come into Belgium from West Africa. And thus the traffickers probably know they don't have much chance of being caught (and even if they do wildlife trafficking probably wouldn't be a priority for our legal system and courts). In that broadcast they found duiker and two different species of guenon sold in Brussels. And a journalist easily managed to smuggle in a piece of chimpanzee meat into Belgium - which of course I very much disagree with, but it does show how easy it is to get even meat from protected species into Belgium.

Perhaps customs has since stepped up the enforcement some, I couldn't find clear information on that, but the trafficking probably hasn't stopped, or at least this route probably didn't until Covid-19 largely halted passenger air travel.

The article below talks about a study estimating how much bushmeat passes through Brussels Airport every year, and it is a shocking amount.
Huge quantities of 'bushmeat' pass through Brussels Airport each year
 
I don't know how much of the meat is from farmed vs wild taken - but in most cases, you are not permitted to kill native species in Australia without a permit, so I would think most of it is farmed.

In Australia, our geography as an isolated island - plus our strict quarantine laws - mean that we can realistically differentiate between feral and wild, with feral generally being used to refer to "non-native" (introduced) wild animals.

That being said - the term feral refers to both introduced pest species and escaped domestic species. For example, there is a feral brumby problem in some areas - horses that escaped and formed their own wild populations. Same with goats, deer, buffalo, camels - they were introduced either as farm animals or work animals and some escaped and formed their own feral populations.

Feral dogs and cats (escaped domestic animals) are a problem in many areas too - there's almost no pure dingoes left in Australia, since there has been so much interbreeding with feral dogs.

I recognise that in many other countries, there is no real difference between feral and wild since there are no effective borders or the feral populations have been there so long that they are effectively natural in their ecosystem.

The technical difference between 'feral'and 'wild' is the same everywhere.

My point was (and is), that for the purposes of this post, ie the possible transmission of disease from wild animals to humans, there is no difference between the two. Whether 'wild' or 'feral' both are living with other wild populations, pathogens and parasites, outside the scope of human agriculture.
 
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The same TV documentary on bushmeat trade I pointed out above also mentioned that customs at Brussels Airport only does irregular checks of the many flights that under normal conditions come into Belgium from West Africa. And thus the traffickers probably know they don't have much chance of being caught (and even if they do wildlife trafficking probably wouldn't be a priority for our legal system and courts). In that broadcast they found duiker and two different species of guenon sold in Brussels. And a journalist easily managed to smuggle in a piece of chimpanzee meat into Belgium - which of course I very much disagree with, but it does show how easy it is to get even meat from protected species into Belgium.

Perhaps customs has since stepped up the enforcement some, I couldn't find clear information on that, but the trafficking probably hasn't stopped, or at least this route probably didn't until Covid-19 largely halted passenger air travel.

The article below talks about a study estimating how much bushmeat passes through Brussels Airport every year, and it is a shocking amount.
Huge quantities of 'bushmeat' pass through Brussels Airport each year

The documentary you mentioned sounds very interesting, I'd like to watch it at some point. What was it called and can it be found on youtube ?

To be honest I'm a little shocked with the ethical dimensions of what the journalist did with the chimpanzee meat but I totally agree it does indeed prove a point and sometimes things which seem ethically questionable can be valuable illustrations.
 
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