FelipeDBKO's Exhibit Design Thread

FelipeDBKO

Well-Known Member
5+ year member
In Su Lar (a tryhard pun with "insular" and "in your lair")

Location: South or Southeast region of Brazil, the exhibit is about islands close to the coast of those regions. I've considered writing an exhibit for islands of South America as a whole including Aruba island rattlesnake, Trinidad piping guan, blue anole and an extensive subcomplex dedicated to the Marajó island, but I've decided the rest would end up too underdeveloped when compared to this subcomplex of South and Southeast Brazil islands.

The complex starts in an indoor building with a black interior. On the floor, there's a snake slithering-shaped evolutionary tree with four ramifications that each end in a Bothrops snake enclosure and list adaptations of each Bothrops species regarding tree or ground-dwelling such as the presence of a prehensile tail, diet elements such as birds or frogs, et cetera. Penetrating the wall, there are six alcoves (four of which the evolutionary tree enters), each representing an island or archipelago, with enclosures for one or more animals and a brief presentative text on the island/archipelago each. The further to the right the alcove is located, the more southern the island/archipelago is.

The first alcove represents Franceses island, from the Espírito Santo state. Its holds a single species, the first Bothrops Franceses island-lancehead Bothrops sazimai, a recently-discovered and endangered species endemic to the island.

The second alcove represents Ilha Grande, from the Rio de Janeiro state. It holds a fish tank with invasive sun corals Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis. A collection of photos of the tank taken since the first polyps were introduced (or photos taken in the wild if the species don't fare well enough in captivity) shows the propagation potential of this beautiful yet detrimental species and the necessity to take care of them. Sun corals have also reached the Alcatrazes archipelago.

The third alcolve represents Ilha de Porcos Pequena, from the touristic Ubatuba city in São Paulo. It holds a single species, the endemic frog Ololygon faivovichi. Like other frogs in the Ololygon genus kept here, its enclosure has bromeliads for them to hide as they do in the wild.

The fourth alcove represents the Ilhabela archipelago and city. It holds Bothrops otavioi, endemic to the Vitória island, black and white tegu Salvator merianae, representing what was thought to be a subspecies endemic to the Búzios island, and blue land crab Cardisoma guanhumi, an inhabitant of the St. Sebastian island. The alcoves continues to the next segment of this exhibit and larger enclosure to another inhabitant of St. Sebastian island, which will be described later.

The fifth alcove represents the Alcatrazes archipelago. It holds the endemic Alcatraz snouted treefrog Ololygon alcatraz, the endemic frog Cycloramphus faustoi, with an enclosure which imitates the coastal rock crevices they live in, the endemic Alcatrazes lancehead Bothrops alcatraz, marbled tropical bullfrog Adenomera marmorata, and Guanabara spotted night snake Siphlophis pulcher, one of the several snake species brazilians call "false corals" due to their mimetism. Guests are also told that what was thought to be an endemic coral snake had its two only known individuals lost during a fire at the Instituto Butantan.

The sixth alcove represents the Snake Island. It holds the endemic Peixoto's snouted treefrog Ololygon peixotoi, the endemic golden lancehead Bothrops insularis, Sauvage's snail-eater Dipsas albifrons and Hoge's mabuya Psychosaura macrorhyncha. This island has an estimated population of 50 golden lanceheads per hectare, compared to 200 Gloydius shedaoensis (another eater of migratory birds) per hectare from Shedao island in China.

Finally, the exhibit continues to a nocturnal enclosure for the cururuá or giant Atlantic tree-rat Phyllomys thomasi, endemic to the St. Sebastian island of the Ilhabela archipelago. On the opposite wall, there's a selection of buttons that emit the call of a certain species when pressed. The species included are the cururuá, the yellow cururu toad, Cycloramphus faustoi, Adenomera marmorata, Ololygon faivovichi, Ololygon alcatraz, Ololygon peixotoi and the mainland Ololygon perpusilla.

Next, the South region part of the exhibit starts. Representing the Superagüi island, the black-faced lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara, which is actually not endemic to the island, but most of its known territory is there. Two groups rotate in and out of the viewable enclosure, one from the island population and another from the mainland population. The enclosure is furnished with places to forage, specially bromeliads. In the wild, those monkeys rely on those plants to find water, fruits, young leaves and sometimes even an unlucky mainland cousin of the Ololygon shown so far. A painting shows the differences in coloration of the four lion tamarin species.

The last represented island is Moleques do Sul, with an enclosure for the endemic Santa Catarina's guinea pig Cavia intermedia. It's viewable both from an indoor artificial tunnel part and the larger outdoor segment. Another outdoor enclosure for the chimango caracara Milvago chimango, a predator from the South, represents one of the threats for the endemic guinea pig - predation - along with ectoparasits, natural disasters and starving.

Sorry for any potential grammar errors, I wrote the text in a hurry and english isn't my first language.
 
Central-West Dispersal

An exhibit about seed dispersers of the Central-West region of Brazil, which includes the Pantanal and Cerrado biomes.

The first enclosure is for the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus, the most omnivorous canid. It's filled with high grasses which they use their long legs to walk through and some inaccessible wolf apple Solanum lycocarpum trees. Due to the particularly unpleasant smell and shy behaviour of this species, the animals are viewable from an indoor glass window.

Next is a large enclosure for a group of brazilian tapirs Tapirus terrestris, built around an already existing lake. This is the last local great dimensioned disperser of plants such as the pequi Caryocar brasiliense. The late Pleistocene megafauna of seed dispersers is depicted: horses, giant ground sloth, gomphotheres, Macrauchenia, Toxodon, Glyptodon and Neochoerus. It's even been suggested to recreate this megafauna with exotic species such as cattle and the monteiro pig. During specific times, guests can feed good-tempered tapirs without babies a bucket which includes a variety of fruits.

Last, two enclosures side-by-side represent a flooded x dry area of the Pantanal. The dry enclosure holds a pair of chestnut-bellied guans Penelope ochrogaster. Local people make a delicacy of coffee beans consumed by this species and collected from their waste, something also done with elephants and civets in other parts of the world. The flooded enclosure is a fish tank which holds the small-scaled pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, disperser of the tucúm palm Bactris glaucescens, along with other seed dispersers: the piraputanga Brycon hilarii, pike characin Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro, granulated catfish Pterodoras granulosus and even lambaris Astyanax sp., seed dispersers nonetheless whether they would end up as feeders due to their diminute size or not.
 
Central-West Dispersal

An exhibit about seed dispersers of the Central-West region of Brazil, which includes the Pantanal and Cerrado biomes.

The first enclosure is for the maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus, the most omnivorous canid. It's filled with high grasses which they use their long legs to walk through and some inaccessible wolf apple Solanum lycocarpum trees. Due to the particularly unpleasant smell and shy behaviour of this species, the animals are viewable from an indoor glass window.

Next is a large enclosure for a group of brazilian tapirs Tapirus terrestris, built around an already existing lake. This is the last local great dimensioned disperser of plants such as the pequi Caryocar brasiliense. The late Pleistocene megafauna of seed dispersers is depicted: horses, giant ground sloth, gomphotheres, Macrauchenia, Toxodon, Glyptodon and Neochoerus. It's even been suggested to recreate this megafauna with exotic species such as cattle and the monteiro pig. During specific times, guests can feed good-tempered tapirs without babies a bucket which includes a variety of fruits.

Last, two enclosures side-by-side represent a flooded x dry area of the Pantanal. The dry enclosure holds a pair of chestnut-bellied guans Penelope ochrogaster. Local people make a delicacy of coffee beans consumed by this species and collected from their waste, something also done with elephants and civets in other parts of the world. The flooded enclosure is a fish tank which holds the small-scaled pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, disperser of the tucúm palm Bactris glaucescens, along with other seed dispersers: the piraputanga Brycon hilarii, pike characin Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro, granulated catfish Pterodoras granulosus and even lambaris Astyanax sp., seed dispersers nonetheless whether they would end up as feeders due to their diminute size or not.
This is an interesting idea for an exhibit, and I personally think it is fabulous!!!
 
Capixaba's Land

Location: Espírito Santo

Bees are often considered the most important living beings on Earth. The same could not be more true for native bees specifically, which are even more economically underrated than their exotic counterparts. They pollinate plants that Apis don't, resist to diseases that Apis don't and produce honey that Apis don't. With a varied selection of tame species native to the state, this exhibit aims to educate local people on the importance of native stingless bees and even encourage them to venture into meliponiculture.

This exhibit starts with a natural-looking beehive for the mandaçaia Melipona (Melipona) quadrifasciata, with the box put inside a tree trunk to simulate how most Meliponini nest in hollow trunks in the wild. The genus Melipona is close to Apis in body size, and the mandaçaia is like a vibrant reverse Apis in body color, with a black thorax and yellow abdomen stripes.

Next are multiple side-by-side, shaded boxes for two species: jataí Tetragonisca angustula, the most common Meliponini species as far as native occurence, meliponiculture and exhibition in other countries go, and eye-licker Leurotrigona muelleri, one of the smallest bee species in the world with characteristic grape cluster-shaped brood cells. Each box has a movable lid so guests can see the honey pots and brood cells, and the objetive of the shade and high number of boxes is to reduce the stress to the bees in the process. Some also include magnifying glasses targeting the faucet-shaped entrances for a better view of those small bees. For the more patient guests, there's a brief text on how to start and maintain your own bee colony, and for the even more patient ones, a QR code which links to a free meliponiculture course.

The exhibit follows to another natural-looking beehive, this time to an unusual species in that it nests on the ground, the ground jataí Paratrigona subnuda. Another species which also nests on the ground not present, the sorceress Trigona recursa, produces hallucinogenic honey used in indigenous rituals by tribes that inhabited the Atlantic Forest.

The final part of the exhibit holds multiple colonies of an endangered species endemic to the mountainous region of Espírito Santo, the capixaba uruçu Melipona (Michmelia) capixaba, in a garden with multiple plant species they pollinate. "Capixaba" is a word relating to the Espírito Santo state and its inhabitants. In another state, an alternative would be the beautiful yellow uruçu Melipona (Michmelia) mondury. I decided not to include both species native to Espírito Santo after reading about hybridization between two Melipona (Michmelia) species, although I'm not sure how much of a real motive to be worried about this is, as it seems some meliponaries do keep more than one species from the same subgenus.

At the end of the journey, guests can buy small samples of stingless bee honey, with low sugar content and antibacterial activity.
 
This is interesting, you have an area themed on a certain region for the world, but instead of focusing solely on habitats, you are focusing on behaviors, animal groups, and adaptations. I think this is very cool, and is quite a refreshing idea. I have taken this to heart, and plan to try themed areas off of adaptations and other features for my zoo. Fabulous job @FelipeDBKO!!!
 
In Su Lar (a tryhard pun with "insular" and "in your lair")

Location: South or Southeast region of Brazil, the exhibit is about islands close to the coast of those regions. I've considered writing an exhibit for islands of South America as a whole including Aruba island rattlesnake, Trinidad piping guan, blue anole and an extensive subcomplex dedicated to the Marajó island, but I've decided the rest would end up too underdeveloped when compared to this subcomplex of South and Southeast Brazil islands.

The complex starts in an indoor building with a black interior. On the floor, there's a snake slithering-shaped evolutionary tree with four ramifications that each end in a Bothrops snake enclosure and list adaptations of each Bothrops species regarding tree or ground-dwelling such as the presence of a prehensile tail, diet elements such as birds or frogs, et cetera. Penetrating the wall, there are six alcoves (four of which the evolutionary tree enters), each representing an island or archipelago, with enclosures for one or more animals and a brief presentative text on the island/archipelago each. The further to the right the alcove is located, the more southern the island/archipelago is.

The first alcove represents Franceses island, from the Espírito Santo state. Its holds a single species, the first Bothrops Franceses island-lancehead Bothrops sazimai, a recently-discovered and endangered species endemic to the island.

The second alcove represents Ilha Grande, from the Rio de Janeiro state. It holds a fish tank with invasive sun corals Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea tagusensis. A collection of photos of the tank taken since the first polyps were introduced (or photos taken in the wild if the species don't fare well enough in captivity) shows the propagation potential of this beautiful yet detrimental species and the necessity to take care of them. Sun corals have also reached the Alcatrazes archipelago.

The third alcolve represents Ilha de Porcos Pequena, from the touristic Ubatuba city in São Paulo. It holds a single species, the endemic frog Ololygon faivovichi. Like other frogs in the Ololygon genus kept here, its enclosure has bromeliads for them to hide as they do in the wild.

The fourth alcove represents the Ilhabela archipelago and city. It holds Bothrops otavioi, endemic to the Vitória island, black and white tegu Salvator merianae, representing what was thought to be a subspecies endemic to the Búzios island, and blue land crab Cardisoma guanhumi, an inhabitant of the St. Sebastian island. The alcoves continues to the next segment of this exhibit and larger enclosure to another inhabitant of St. Sebastian island, which will be described later.

The fifth alcove represents the Alcatrazes archipelago. It holds the endemic Alcatraz snouted treefrog Ololygon alcatraz, the endemic frog Cycloramphus faustoi, with an enclosure which imitates the coastal rock crevices they live in, the endemic Alcatrazes lancehead Bothrops alcatraz, marbled tropical bullfrog Adenomera marmorata, and Guanabara spotted night snake Siphlophis pulcher, one of the several snake species brazilians call "false corals" due to their mimetism. Guests are also told that what was thought to be an endemic coral snake had its two only known individuals lost during a fire at the Instituto Butantan.

The sixth alcove represents the Snake Island. It holds the endemic Peixoto's snouted treefrog Ololygon peixotoi, the endemic golden lancehead Bothrops insularis, Sauvage's snail-eater Dipsas albifrons and Hoge's mabuya Psychosaura macrorhyncha. This island has an estimated population of 50 golden lanceheads per hectare, compared to 200 Gloydius shedaoensis (another eater of migratory birds) per hectare from Shedao island in China.

Finally, the exhibit continues to a nocturnal enclosure for the cururuá or giant Atlantic tree-rat Phyllomys thomasi, endemic to the St. Sebastian island of the Ilhabela archipelago. On the opposite wall, there's a selection of buttons that emit the call of a certain species when pressed. The species included are the cururuá, the yellow cururu toad, Cycloramphus faustoi, Adenomera marmorata, Ololygon faivovichi, Ololygon alcatraz, Ololygon peixotoi and the mainland Ololygon perpusilla.

Next, the South region part of the exhibit starts. Representing the Superagüi island, the black-faced lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara, which is actually not endemic to the island, but most of its known territory is there. Two groups rotate in and out of the viewable enclosure, one from the island population and another from the mainland population. The enclosure is furnished with places to forage, specially bromeliads. In the wild, those monkeys rely on those plants to find water, fruits, young leaves and sometimes even an unlucky mainland cousin of the Ololygon shown so far. A painting shows the differences in coloration of the four lion tamarin species.

The last represented island is Moleques do Sul, with an enclosure for the endemic Santa Catarina's guinea pig Cavia intermedia. It's viewable both from an indoor artificial tunnel part and the larger outdoor segment. Another outdoor enclosure for the chimango caracara Milvago chimango, a predator from the South, represents one of the threats for the endemic guinea pig - predation - along with ectoparasits, natural disasters and starving.

Sorry for any potential grammar errors, I wrote the text in a hurry and english isn't my first language.
It would be really interesting to have a breeding colony of Black-faced Lion Tamarins, this species is very rare although it has recently been downlisted from CR to EN.
 
Capixaba's Land

Location: Espírito Santo

Bees are often considered the most important living beings on Earth. The same could not be more true for native bees specifically, which are even more economically underrated than their exotic counterparts. They pollinate plants that Apis don't, resist to diseases that Apis don't and produce honey that Apis don't. With a varied selection of tame species native to the state, this exhibit aims to educate local people on the importance of native stingless bees and even encourage them to venture into meliponiculture.

This exhibit starts with a natural-looking beehive for the mandaçaia Melipona (Melipona) quadrifasciata, with the box put inside a tree trunk to simulate how most Meliponini nest in hollow trunks in the wild. The genus Melipona is close to Apis in body size, and the mandaçaia is like a vibrant reverse Apis in body color, with a black thorax and yellow abdomen stripes.

Next are multiple side-by-side, shaded boxes for two species: jataí Tetragonisca angustula, the most common Meliponini species as far as native occurence, meliponiculture and exhibition in other countries go, and eye-licker Leurotrigona muelleri, one of the smallest bee species in the world with characteristic grape cluster-shaped brood cells. Each box has a movable lid so guests can see the honey pots and brood cells, and the objetive of the shade and high number of boxes is to reduce the stress to the bees in the process. Some also include magnifying glasses targeting the faucet-shaped entrances for a better view of those small bees. For the more patient guests, there's a brief text on how to start and maintain your own bee colony, and for the even more patient ones, a QR code which links to a free meliponiculture course.

The exhibit follows to another natural-looking beehive, this time to an unusual species in that it nests on the ground, the ground jataí Paratrigona subnuda. Another species which also nests on the ground not present, the sorceress Trigona recursa, produces hallucinogenic honey used in indigenous rituals by tribes that inhabited the Atlantic Forest.

The final part of the exhibit holds multiple colonies of an endangered species endemic to the mountainous region of Espírito Santo, the capixaba uruçu Melipona (Michmelia) capixaba, in a garden with multiple plant species they pollinate. "Capixaba" is a word relating to the Espírito Santo state and its inhabitants. In another state, an alternative would be the beautiful yellow uruçu Melipona (Michmelia) mondury. I decided not to include both species native to Espírito Santo after reading about hybridization between two Melipona (Michmelia) species, although I'm not sure how much of a real motive to be worried about this is, as it seems some meliponaries do keep more than one species from the same subgenus.

At the end of the journey, guests can buy small samples of stingless bee honey, with low sugar content and antibacterial activity.
It's really interesting, as well, to show the Melipona species and their culture.
You should add that a Melipona species is the sole natural pollinator of the Vanilla (but I don't know if it lives in Brazil).
 
This is interesting, you have an area themed on a certain region for the world, but instead of focusing solely on habitats, you are focusing on behaviors, animal groups, and adaptations. I think this is very cool, and is quite a refreshing idea. I have taken this to heart, and plan to try themed areas off of adaptations and other features for my zoo. Fabulous job @FelipeDBKO!!!
Thanks a lot @Bengal Tiger :D
My main goal with those exhibits is to present innovative educational means that inspire people, so I'm glad I've inspired you.
 
It's really interesting, as well, to show the Melipona species and their culture.
You should add that a Melipona species is the sole natural pollinator of the Vanilla (but I don't know if it lives in Brazil).
Thank you @Haliaeetus
Apparently there are native Vanilla species that could be planted to attract bees. Although it seems that their sole pollinators are not the stingless bees (tribe Meliponini), but instead orchid bees (tribe Euglossini). While at it, we could also put some passion fruit Passiflora flowers and tree trunks to attract carpenter bees Xylocopa, and illustrate the fig wasp lifecycle inside the fig.
 
I still have like four exhibit ideas to develop before I stop posting here indefinitely, but my PC is in another city.
You plan on stopping? That’s kind of sad news for me. Oh well, do as you wish? Also, do you mean that you are going to stop on this thread, or on zoochat in general?
 
You plan on stopping? That’s kind of sad news for me. Oh well, do as you wish? Also, do you mean that you are going to stop on this thread, or on zoochat in general?
It's just that if new ideas for exhibits don't come, I don't have much to post here. :p And it's been quite some time since I've come up with the ideas that I posted / am gonna post here, and during that time I didn't get any new one so I don't think I'm gonna have it anytime soon.
I mean that I'm going to stop on this thread specifically, although I'm not much active on Zoochat already.
 
Night Shift

"The Wachatis believe they draw their power from these caves, but they now live in fear since the vanishing of their sacred bat."
"Bat? What... ...bat?"
"The one we're here to find, mr. Ventura."
"You didn't say anything about a bat."
"What's the difference?"
"What's the difference!? Have you ever seen a bat? They're hideous. Lifeless, beady eyes. Clawed feet. Huge, grotesque wings. Even fangs. They give you rabies, you know?"
"Yes, quite. I see your point, but are you saying that you won't take the case?"
"No. As a being of light, I must show compassion for all the living things of nature."
"Good."
"I'm not touching it, though!"


This bat exhibit consists of a cubic nocturnal house turned at an approximate 30 degrees angle, with a cave-like exterior. The species list is highly inspired on Rio Zoo bat house's. The exhibit showcases the variety of feeding habits among bats, and there are specific times in which guests can watch the bats feeding.

The first species is the hematophagous common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. Although bats get a bad reputation as the most common source of rabies infections in humans in the Americas and potentially the animal that transmitted Covid-19 to humans in China, vampire bats are very social animals known to social distance when they get sick. Following this creature's example, this exhibit is ventilated, and all of its points of interest are within no less than 2 meters apart from each other and have printed footsteps on them. Only three of the over 1400 bat species feed on blood, two of them focusing on birds. Other hematophagous animals are presented, from insects that transmit diseases to birds.

The second species is the insectivorous Pallas's mastiff bat Molossus molossus. A speaker presents to the guests the high frequency calls emitted by those bats, which they use to echolocate their insect prey. Some moths evolved to hear a bat approaching, and even emit acoustic signals to confuse them.

The third species is the carnivorous big-eared woolly bat Chrotopterus auritus, known to prey even on other bats. A small terrarium aside for the brazilian cockroach Blaberus giganteus represents the habit of this insect of feeding on bat guano.

Next is a walkthrough enclosure holding the frugivorous Seba's short-tailed bat Carollia perspicillata and the pollinivorous Pallas's long-tongued bat Glossophaga soricina, both helping plants to reproduce in two ways, seed dispersion and pollination, respectively. Guests who wish not to enter the walkthrough can still see the enclosure, and even watch the bats from cameras at their head level.

The last enclosure is also a walkthrough, this time for the piscivorous greater bulldog bat Noctilio leporinus and the omnivorous great spear-nosed bat Phyllostomus hastatus. Sometimes, guests can watch the greater bulldog bat fishing live fish on a shallow tank inside the enclosure. A round, white translucent glass panel that lets a little sunlight pass through on the wall imitates the Moon.
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Miocene Giants

An exhibit that compares extant south american animals to relatives from the Miocene, with realistic-sized pictures for each of the larger, extinct counterparts.

The first enclosure is closed with concrete underneath, specially built for the six-banded armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus, which represents Macroeuphractus, a giant armadillo thought to be a predator. Even extant armadillos such as the six-banded armadillo are known to congregate in large numbers to eat carrion, and predate on moderately-sized animals such as lambs and even penguins. Next is a close relative of the armadillos, the Linnaeus's two-toed sloth Choloepus didactylus, representing Thalassocnus, a semi-aquatic sloth that grazed underwater and was preyed by sharks and toothed whales. The closest things that resemble an aquatic life on extant sloths is swimming in search for mates and algae that grow on their fur.

The red-legged seriema Cariama cristata inaugurates the birds enclosures, representing the terror bird Kelenken. The seriema recapitulates the predatory nature of those birds, killing even snakes with their claws to feed upon them, being a south american counterpart to the african secretarybird. Next is the andean condor Vultur gryphus representing Argentavis, with a wingspan the size of the whole enclosure.

The last part is an indoor area with a large paludarium and a fish tank. The paludarium is an Amazon-themed mixed enclosure for the large Arrau river turtle Podocnemis expansa and the small Cuvier's dwarf caiman Paleosuchus palpebrosus, representing the even larger Stupendemys and the enormous Purussaurus, which also inhabited the rivers of the Amazon rainforest. The fish tank holds a school of red-bellied piranhas Pygocentrus nattereri, representing the Megapiranha, a fish with an intermediate dentition between piranhas and pacus. There's a scheduled time for guests to watch the piranhas feeding.
 
Convergent Paths: History of Fauna and Flora

A small indoor exhibit that briefly tells the evolutionary history of plants and animals (particularly vertebrates), and shows how they're not so different with convergent evolution examples.

It starts small, with microscopes focusing on a variety of unicellular algae and protozoa species, presenting the groups of living beings which are the ancestors of plants and animals, respectively, and telling where the many species that form them are found and what they do. Acetabularia algae, used in the past in experiments that showcase that the cell nucleus stores genetic information, and an ostrich egg, both very large cells, are also present. Multicellularity and the presence of a circulatory system evolved independently for plants and animals, which is proved by the fact that algae's and plants's cells contain chloroplasts while protozoa's and animals's only have mitochondria.

The first enclosure is a fish tank housing the similar-colored tiger barb Puntigrus tetrazona and clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus, and not only aquatic plants, but also some usually unwelcome algae that grow in aquaria. Fishes and algae are very dependant on environmental water to survive, although some extreme examples in both kingdoms such as mudskippers, catfishes, lungfishes and algae that grow on sloth's furs like to try their luck.

Next is a small paludarium for a group of european fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina, landscaped with some Java moss Taxiphyllum barbieri. What bryophytes and amphibians have in common are adaptations which enables them to live outside of water, even in deserts, although they're still dependant on it for reproduction.

The final enclosure is a terrarium for a green iguana Iguana iguana, surrounded by some sword fern Nephrolepis exaltata. Pteridophytes and reptiles, thanks to non-water dependant sperm (guests can see the reproductive structures of the fern on the lower surface of their leaves) and eggs with calcified shells, don't depend on water to reproduce nor to breath. The Atlantic Forest fern Dicksonia sellowiana is, illegally and ironically, used as a cheap vase for plants, including other ferns. The green iguana, on the other hand, is considered an invasive species in Florida and other parts of the Americas.
 
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