Just looking around, I have found this interesting extract from a book regarding introduced populations of primates around the world - I think the book in question is rather old, so a number of the populations may no longer exist. Some examples include:
- Sulawesi crested macaques introduced to Ambon and Maluku in Indonesia (although it is stated they may be native to these islands)
- A colony of Barbary macaques roamed free for some twenty years on an estate in central Germany and maintained their numbers; they were later destroyed for uncertain reasons - either after attacking local children or contracting rabies from a dog
- Attempts to introduce populations of gibbons have been made in at least three locations - on Laulanui, Hawaii; on Hall's Island, Bermuda and on Cayo Santiago Island, Puerto Rico. The Puerto Rico project was abandoned because the gibbons fought with introduced rhesus macaques and attacked human visitors
- Talapoin monkeys were possibly introduced to Bioko (Fernando Poo) and the Canary Islands
However just to confuse matters, some of the 'introductions' in the extract refer to reintroductions such as the golden lion tamarin while others seemingly refer to large and open-range zoo exhibits - I imagine the referenced semi-free-ranging chimpanzee colony at Arnhem was at Apenheul and I believe the crab-eating monkeys at Monkey Jungle in Miami are enclosed as well.
Some of the information in this has also more recently been tested and rejected, such as the status of Central American squirrel monkeys as hybrid remnants of South American species introduced by Amerindian traders (see below):
The Central American squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedii): introduced hybrid or endemic species? - PubMed - NCBI
Finally, something of interest I wasn't able to follow up is the reference to the possible survival of truly wild (non-introduced) Barbary macaques in southern Spain until as late as the 1890s. I managed to find that the reference 'Walker, 1992' was 'Walker's Primates of the World' where the same information is mentioned but I couldn't find the four references that accompany it.
I have included the full article below:
http://educypedia.karadimov.info/library/IntroducedMammalsSample.pdf