I work in the photo industry, am a part time professional shooter, so I will tell you what I know about Canon equipment. Other brands may or may not be similar.
There are two main types of extenders (also called teleconverters): a 1.4X and a 2X. The former magnifies things 1.4 times but also uses up one stop of light. So a 300 f/4 lens becomes a 420 f/5.6 lens. The latter magnifies things 2 times but uses up two stops of light. So a 300 f/4 lens becomes a 600 f/8 lens. (I should note that Nikon makes one between these two that is a 1.7X and uses 1 1/2 stops of light).
Extenders are meant to be used with telephoto lenses only, in most cases fixed (non zoom) lenses, with the exception of a couple pro grade zooms. In the case of Canon, the only two zooms I know of that use the extenders are the 70-200 f/2_8 and the new 100-400 f/4_5-5_6.
It is widely reported that 1.4 extenders give good results with a good lens and 2x extenders give mixed results. With most Canon bodies, you need an effective maximum aperture of 5.6 to maintain autofocus, though a couple pro bodies will center focus at f/8. Some aftermarket extenders (like the previously mentioned Kenko) trick the camera into reading a different aperture so that it will still autofocus. If Jackwow had tried to use a Canon brand extender on his 70-300 the focus would not have worked as Canon says that lens is not meant to take extenders.
I may have helped you or I may have caused more confusion. If so, sorry!