The Life and Death of Canyon Colorado Equid Sanctuary

To be quite frank and a little on the nose, I think we’re beating a dead horse here and are being unnecessarily hostile and overly reactionary…

The entire AZA SSP program has changed, so many taxa no longer qualify for the new population and holder number requirements, including the Somali wild ass. I am not going to argue that the new system is flawed because it is, but it is what we’re working with. That said, a lot of facilities have rallied behind a lot of the taxa that have been dropped as SSP programs, and there has been increased cooperation with some of these taxa as studbooks and consortiums. The studbooks and consortiums have increased flexibility to work with private facilities and individuals, which has been incredibly helpful for a lot of the ungulate programs. It is definitely still a rocky road, and there are still kinks to work out, but there is still hope for a lot of the programs, and the Somali wild ass program is one of them. The facilities that house them are very dedicated to them, and they are still breeding regularly and slowly spreading. Equids are always going to be a hard one, though, as a whole, they do not always really play well with others (animals and humans alike, often times) and require a certain amount of space, labor, and upkeep (being hind-gut fermenters, Equids have a higher in-put and higher out-put than ruminant ungulates of similar size). As such, Somali wild ass are always going to play third fiddle to the zebras and Przewalski’s horses when facilities are planning for equids in their collection, which is unfortunate, but just true (and I say this with them being my favorite of the Equids, by far). We are seeing an increase in the number of open-space breeding facilities for ungulates open up across the country, and I would fully expect both the St. Louis and Denver facilities to feature wild asses, as both facilities have a long history with the taxon. I think for many ungulate populations to be able to exist in the long-term in the United States, private facilities will have to be involved as well. While there are, of course, many genuinely poor, “roadside” private facilities across the country that absolutely should not be exhibiting animals, to paint them all in such a wide brush is inaccurate and harmful to the relationship between these good facilities and AZA zoos that will be necessary to maintain these populations long-term. If ZooChatters want to to continue to see any diversity in the ungulate collections in this country, they will have to support and accept zoos working with private individuals. (And for what it’s worth, I’ve worked with Somali wild asses, and they really do not have “specialist needs” that are any different than any other Equid. They can require more regular hoof trims/care if not held on dry or hard enough ground, and they can be prone to easy weight gain, so their diet sometimes needs to be monitored, but those are issues seen in most wild Equids).
 
Last edited:
To be quite frank and a little on the nose, I think we’re beating a dead horse here and are being unnecessarily hostile and overly reactionary…

The entire AZA SSP program has changed, so many taxa no longer qualify for the new population and holder number requirements, including the Somali wild ass. I am not going to argue that the new system is flawed because it is, but it is what we’re working with. That said, a lot of facilities have rallied behind a lot of the taxa that have been dropped as SSP programs, and there has been increased cooperation with some of these taxa as studbooks and consortiums. The studbooks and consortiums have increased flexibility to work with private facilities and individuals, which has been incredibly helpful for a lot of the ungulate programs. It is definitely still a rocky road, and there are still kinks to work out, but there is still hope for a lot of the programs, and the Somali wild ass program is one of them. The facilities that house them are very dedicated to them, and they are still breeding regularly and slowly spreading. Equids are always going to be a hard one, though, as a whole, they do not always really play well with others (animals and humans alike, often times) and require a certain amount of space, labor, and upkeep (being hind-gut fermenters, Equids have a higher in-put and higher out-put than ruminant ungulates of similar size). As such, Somali wild ass are always going to play third fiddle to the zebras and Przewalski’s horses when facilities are planning for equids in their collection, which is unfortunate, but just true (and I say this with them being my favorite of the Equids, by far). We are seeing an increase in the number of open-space breeding facilities for ungulates open up across the country, and I would fully expect both the St. Louis and Denver facilities to feature wild asses, as both facilities have a long history with the taxon. I think for many ungulate populations to be able to exist in the long-term in the United States, private facilities will have to be involved as well. While there are, of course, many genuinely poor, “roadside” private facilities across the country that absolutely should not be exhibiting animals, to paint them all in such a wide brush is inaccurate and harmful to the relationship between these good facilities and AZA zoos that will be necessary to maintain these populations long-term. If ZooChatters want to to continue to see any diversity in the ungulate collections in this country, they will have to support and accept zoos working with private individuals. (And for what it’s worth, I’ve worked with Somali wild asses, and they really do not have “specialist needs” that are any different than any other Equid. They can require more regular hoof trims/care if not held on dry or hard enough ground, and they can be prone to easy weight gain, so their diet sometimes needs to be monitored, but those are issues seen in most wild Equids).
I'll admit I can be overly negative with a lot of things. I would also like to ask what are some major examples of recent success in hoofstock consortiums
 
I'll admit I can be overly negative with a lot of things. I would also like to ask what are some major examples of recent success in hoofstock consortiums
The blue duiker consortium is probably the shining example of a successful ungulate program in recent years. Their population and holding numbers have increased rapidly and exponentially in the past five? years thanks to the dedication of a handful of facilities. The Cavendish's dik-dik program has seen a great revitalization in the past couple of years after not long before being marked as a phase-out species in favor of the aforementioned blue duiker. The Somali wild ass and Cape buffalo programs have been managed in a consortium for awhile now (really even before the recent SSP changes), and they have been maintaining well. I expect both to continue to grow in the coming years (every holder in the Cape buffalo consortium is currently breeding). Overall, these consortiums and studbook-based management programs are very new with the new SSP regulations, so we are only just beginning to see the changes, but I am hopeful. We are seeing an influx of breeding animals from the private sector to revitalize stagnant programs, which is a very good first step in addition to the above early successes.
 
Yeah real talk, I'm genuinely upset at the AZA for squandering all of this and also at many AZA zoos for continuing to enable this status quo

In fact, I'll say it. The AZA are in fact idiots for letting themselves get to this point where anything that isn't an ABC species is pretty much gone

Genuinely infuriating and pitiful. Who's running the AZA like this that so many species are being phased out?

I completely agree that this is a tragic situation and I agree with the well meaning sentiments....
BUT

I'm gonna defend the AZA. The AZA is made up of members whom probably the vast majority of them are lucky to maintain their current collections. The AZA's (the organization not the members) entire yearly income is less than 15 million dollars. That does not allow for the breeding and holding of vast amounts of ex situ conservation efforts. It just doesn't. I don't know what
the Canyon Colorado Equid Sanctuary's yearly budget was but I'm sure it probably was at least a few million bucks. And I'm sure there is plenty of anguish at the breakup of this situation and other species that could be maintained and protected ...if only the money was there.
Rather I blame the nonprofit that was set up to run this facility. Either the rich dude who started it did not adequately provide for it after his death OR (and I would guess more like it) his heirs were not interested in his pet project.
I have lots of ready solutions for things like this to never happen, what I don't have is the money
to make it so. At least at this point :)
 
I completely agree that this is a tragic situation and I agree with the well meaning sentiments....
BUT

I'm gonna defend the AZA. The AZA is made up of members whom probably the vast majority of them are lucky to maintain their current collections. The AZA's (the organization not the members) entire yearly income is less than 15 million dollars. That does not allow for the breeding and holding of vast amounts of ex situ conservation efforts. It just doesn't. I don't know what
the Canyon Colorado Equid Sanctuary's yearly budget was but I'm sure it probably was at least a few million bucks. And I'm sure there is plenty of anguish at the breakup of this situation and other species that could be maintained and protected ...if only the money was there.
Rather I blame the nonprofit that was set up to run this facility. Either the rich dude who started it did not adequately provide for it after his death OR (and I would guess more like it) his heirs were not interested in his pet project.
I have lots of ready solutions for things like this to never happen, what I don't have is the money
to make it so. At least at this point :)
Yeah I was way too harsh.

Whoever ran this place rly should have had some form of contingency plan for all these valuable animals. I know that St. Louis and Denver are developing large places for hoofstock so hopefully those bolster things like the onager and wild ass
 
Thank you for the interesting research @Wisp O' Mist and the further insight @Kudu21 .

The fate of the CCES, just like that of the AWWP, Dr. Henri Quinque and similar organizations / individuals, seems to exemplify what wealthy individuals can achieve in regard to animal acquisition, breeding and ex Situ conservation - but also how such projects can falter and disappear, to the detriment of animals and even whole species, if the succession after the departure of said individuals is not efficient enough to pass on the torch.
I have seen a similar trend in zoos with the depature of dedicated directors, curators and keepers, but not to the extent as in the previous mmentioned private examples. I wonder whether I will manage to pass the torch in regard to WdG one day...:oops:
 
As noted on my other thread, Fiona --The Przewalski's mare who was purchased at a livestock auction house in June-- has died. Log in or sign up to view

One detail in the Facebook post that's relevant to this thread is the fact that, prior to her death, Fiona was determined to be in her early to mid 20's.

:( Making it an almost certainty that she directly came off of Canyon Colorado Equid Sanctuary itself.
 
To be frank, this zoo for some decades was one-of-the-kind conservation resource for endangered equids. It is sad that it was discontinued after the owner has died, but during his lifetime it was an achievement.
 
To be frank, this zoo for some decades was one-of-the-kind conservation resource for endangered equids. It is sad that it was discontinued after the owner has died, but during his lifetime it was an achievement.

An achievement that was squandered.
 
As for Shrek’s origin, the Huckabays suspect he was born at a farm in Colorado called the Canyon Colorado Equine Sanctuary. The sanctuary closed around 2008, just before the death of owner William Gruenerwald in 2009. Gruenerwald opened the sanctuary in the late 1970s to house endangered equine, including Przewalski’s.

In the 1980s, several zoos around the country, including the Denver Zoo, transferred Przewalski’s horses to Gruenerwald’s sanctuary as part of the conservation breeding program, citing the sanctuary’s spacious environment, according to a draft of the species’ Global Conservation Plan.

However, after the closure and Gruenerwald’s subsequent death, its unclear what happened to these animals. But it’s possible that some ended up at auction and passed through a series of different hands.

From this article - How Earth's rarest horse — once extinct in the wild — ended up on Colorado ranch

Vindication is very sweet indeed.
 
[Or how the death of an eccentric rich man led to various species of endangered equines entering the US exotic animal trade.]

Now, many of you are probably wondering "Haven't I read this thread before?". Well, you have, in a way.

Earlier this summer, I did start a thread about how two Przewalski's horses had been recently found at two different US livestock auction houses.

Intrigued by Shrek and Fiona's story, I set out to find out exactly how the Przewalski's horse came to be in the private trade. And I think that I've done it! Mostly? As much as I can via creative googling, at least.

While my earlier thread did dive into much the same topic, I have since found out much more information about Canyon Colorado Equid Sanctuary, so...

I figured that an "update" of sorts would do. Since, over the course of my research, I discovered many a twist and turn, I decided that creating a new thread would be best. My original thread will continue to chronicle Shrek and Fiona's journey, this thread will be about Canyon Colorado and it's history.

And please, sit back and enjoy!

Timeline

Summer of 1978: William Gruenerwald buys an isolated cattle ranch outside of Wagon Mound, New Mexico. He devotes over 6,000 acres of it to the preservation of endangered species of equid. He installs high fences around the property and has heated barns built throughout the individual paddocks. At some later date, housing and even an airport is built on the site.

Source: https://eawildlife.org/archive/swaraonline/swaras/swaraIssues/EAWLS_SwaraMagazine_01_1988.pdf
Source: Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Northeastern New Mexico

August 1978: First equines arrive at CCES; 8 Grevy’s zebra from a safari park in Atlanta, Georgia.
Source: https://eawildlife.org/archive/swaraonline/swaras/swaraIssues/EAWLS_SwaraMagazine_01_1988.pdf

June 24, 1980: CCES is incorporated. At a later date, a non-profit foundation is established and a board of directors is appointed to run the sanctuary in the event of Gruenerwald’s death. (Ann O. Maurer, Carole K. Carlson, and Catherine M. Skilsa?)

Source: Company Search Subscription Service
Source: https://eawildlife.org/archive/swaraonline/swaras/swaraIssues/EAWLS_SwaraMagazine_01_1988.pdf

March 15, 1983: 15 Hartmann’s Mountain Zebra from Namibia arrive at CCES. They join 15 already on the property, sourced from Jurgen C. Schulz - An animal dealer.

Source: https://www.marwell.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/HMZ-Studbook-2021-.pdf

1985: CCES contributes computer-generated studbook analyses to FAO ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH PAPER - 61 “The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia”.

Source: The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia

November 1986: Dr. Chryssee Bradley Martin and Dr. Esmond Bradley Martin visit CCES. They note that there are 31 Grevy’s zebra, 50 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, 23 Turkmenian kulan, 2 male Persian onagers, 2 Przewalski’s horses (From Memphis Zoo), and 3 Somali wild ass on the property.

Source: https://eawildlife.org/archive/swaraonline/swaras/swaraIssues/EAWLS_SwaraMagazine_01_1988.pdf

At some point between December 1986 and 1989 a third Przewalski’s horse arrives on the property. (From Denver Zoo.)

Source: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Rep-1990-074.pdf

1989: 8 more Przewalski’s horses are transferred from US zoos to CCES.

(From Minnesota Zoo, Topeka Zoo, San Diego Wild Animal Park, and Denver Zoo.)

Source: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Rep-1990-074.pdf

November 30, 2000: A USDA inspection report lists 67 Grevy’s zebra, 202 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, 183 Turkmenian kulan, 16 Persian onager, 8 Somali wild ass, 44 Przewalski’s horses, and three Kiang as being on the property. 7 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids, 1 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Persian onager hybrid, and 1 Przewalski’s horse/Turkmenian kulan hybrid are on the property as well.

Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2000.html
Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2000-2.html

November 15, 2001: A USDA inspection report lists 19 Persian onager, 6 Somali wild ass, 46 Przewalski’s horses, and 3 Kiang as being on the property. 7 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids, 1 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Persian onager hybrid, and 1 Przewalski’s horse/Turkmenian kulan hybrid are on the property as well.

This report is presumed to be incomplete, as subsequent USDA inspections report Grevy’s zebra, Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, and Turkmenian kulan remain on the property.

Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2001-2.html

November 21, 2002: A USDA inspection report lists 78 Grevy’s zebra, 223 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, 241 Turkmenian kulan, 23 Persian onager, 5 Somali wild ass, 48 Przewalski’s horses, and 3 Kiang as being on the property. 7 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids, 1 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Persian onager hybrid, and 1 Przewalski’s horse/Turkmenian kulan hybrid are on the property as well.

Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2002-1.html
Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2002-2.html

November 24, 2003: A USDA inspection report lists 89 Grevy’s zebra, 234 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, 275 Turkmenian kulan, 26 Persian onager, 4 Somali wild ass, 48 Przewalski’s horses, and 2 Kiang as being on the property. 5 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids, 1 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Persian onager hybrid, and 1 Przewalski’s horse/Turkmenian kulan hybrid are on the property as well.

Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2003-1.html
Sources: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2003-2.html

2004: 331 Turkmenian kulan are reported to be at CCES. 69 kulan foals were born that year.
Source: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1091&context=biolmongol

November 17, 2005: A USDA inspection report lists 103 Grevy’s zebra, 229 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, 373 Turkmenian kulan, 38 Persian onager, 4 Somali wild ass, 62 Przewalski’s horses, and 2 Kiang as being on the property. 5 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids, 1 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Persian onager hybrid, and 1 Przewalski’s horse/Turkmenian kulan hybrid are on the property as well.

Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2005-1.html
Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2005-2.html

2007: North America Asiatic Wild Ass Studbook reports that CCES has 1 Kiang, 39 Persian onager, and 344 Turkmenian kulan.

Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/somali-wild-ass.9597/page-2#post-48549

January 26, 2007: 152 Hartmann’s Mountain zebras are sold at dispersal auction to animal dealers. Some of these animals later find their way back into AZA-accredited zoos via animal dealer Larry Johnson.

Source: https://www.marwell.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HMZ-Studbook-2022.pdf

November 12, 2007: A USDA inspection report lists 88 Grevy’s zebra, 174 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra, 406 Turkmenian kulan, 60 Persian onager, 1 Somali wild ass, 82 Przewalski’s horses, and 1 Kiang as being on the property. 2 Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids are on the property as well.

Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2007-1.html
Source: https://saenonline.org/co/res-fr-co-cces-aphis-2007-2.html

January 14, 2008: 6 additional Hartmann’s Mountain zebras sold to animal dealer Larry Johnson.

Source: https://www.marwell.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HMZ-Studbook-2022.pdf

January 25, 2008: 7 Hartmann’s Mountain zebras transferred to B. Bryan Preserve.

Source: https://www.marwell.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HMZ-Studbook-2022.pdf

April 23, 2008: CCES reported to be closing and dispersing its entire animal collection.
Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/somali-wild-ass.9597/page-2#post-48532

July 10, 2008: Reportedly, “quite a few” of the animals were transferred to the San Diego Zoo. However, the majority of the Hartmann’s Mountain zebras, Grevy’s zebras, Turkmenian kulans, and Przewalski’s horses have been transferred to a different facility. (Arbuckle Wilderness?) Which was working on dispersing them throughout the country. Many of the stallions were supposedly shot due to lack of handleability.

Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/somali-wild-ass.9597/page-2#post-60881

October 26, 2008: More reports of animals being sent on to a large number of different animal dealers. AZA-accredited zoos supposedly showed lack of interest in taking the majority of the species on, aside from the Hartmann’s Mountain zebra and the Grevy’s zebra. Large number of animals located at CCES cited as another reason many zoos did not get involved with CCES’s dispersal.

Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/somali-wild-ass.9597/page-3#post-79597

December 13, 2008: Turkmenian kulan from CCES supposedly at San Diego Zoo. The Conservation and Research Center in Virginia also reportedly has kulan from CCES.

Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/wild-ass-in-north-america.53475/#post-119230
Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/wild-ass-in-north-america.53475/#post-119529

June 10, 2009: William Gruenerwald dies.

Source: https://obits.gazette.com/us/obituaries/gazette/name/william-gruenerwald-obituary?id=7657339

July 4, 2009: The last load of animals reportedly left CCES just days prior to Gruenerwald’s death. More reports of animal death and mistreatment (Particularly amongst the Turkmenian kulans) comes out. Many were apparently shot because of lack of interest in others acquiring them or ended up being trampled to death in overcrowded trailers as they were hauled off of the property by animal dealers.

Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/canyon-colorado-equid-sancturay.85863/#post-199076
Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/canyon-colorado-equid-sancturay.85863/#post-199085

January 17, 2010: Visitor to Arbuckle Wilderness reports having been told by a staff member that as many as 20 Przewalski’s horses are currently at the facility.

https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/jbnbsn99s-oklahoma-zoos.130454/#post-285393

April 18, 2010: Arbuckle Wilderness is reported to have received 80 Hartmann's Mountain zebra, 100 Turkmenian kulan, 35 Grevy's zebra, and 50 Przewalski’s horses from CCES altogether. The majority of those animals were sold on to lesser known animal dealers.

Source: https://www.zoochat.com/community/threads/jbnbsn99s-oklahoma-zoos.130454/#post-310052


March 25, 2014 to June 6, 2014: Several photos on Abe Millar’s website show him to be in the possession of at least 7 Przewalski’s horses (Including a foal) during this timeframe.

Source: https://abemillar.wixsite.com/abram-millar/animals-and-things

May 9, 2021: Abe Millar advertises a breeding pair of Przewalski’s horses for sale on Facebook.

Source: https://www.agdaily.com/livestock/questions-grow-as-mystery-horses-captivate-social-media/

April 2, 2023: Abe Millar advertises a Norwegian Fjord/Przewalski’s horse cross colt for sale on equinenow. The colt’s mother is mentioned to have originated from a “conservation place in New Mexico”.

Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20230403161525/https://www.equinenow.com/horse-ad-1471300

August 14, 2023: Abe Millar posts a new ad for his Norwegian Fjord/Przewalski’s horse cross colt. The colt is now named “Little Conqueror”.

Source: https://web.archive.org/web/20230814183821/https://www.equinenow.com/horse-ad-1502240

February 2024: A Przewalski’s horse stallion (Later named “Shrek”) is bought out of a kill pen in Kansas.

Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/clim...9/przewalskis-horses-rescued-dna-shrek-fiona/

June 9, 2024: A Przewalski’s horse mare (Later named “Fiona”) is surrendered to Lazy B Equine Rescue and Sanctuary. Fiona had been purchased from a livestock auction in January.

Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/clim...9/przewalskis-horses-rescued-dna-shrek-fiona/
Are there pictures of the Hartmann’s Mountain zebra/Turkmenian kulan hybrids or any of the other hybrids?
 
Back
Top