Australasian Asian Elephant Population 2023

[Tiger91]

They already have redeveloped that area in recent years with the addition of some other paddocks and some new barns to accommodate the new asian elephants as well. A new large cow barn is planned for the coming years as well.

Expansion of the current precinct is difficult as the enclosures surrounded in most directions, but there is a fair chunk of space above the zebras. I guess Dubbo will ultimately need to consider whether they actually require an expansion; as obviously they don't at the moment. If they elect to have a breeding herd of the size they do now, they wouldn't require additional exhibits imo. It's a real toss of a coin.

Keeping the bull with the herd is a very unnatural thing that is done; and I'm not sure of many zoos that actually do this. Most (if not all) zoos keep the bulls separate from the cows and calves as they can be disruptive to herd dynamics. For that reason, I doubt any of our regions zoos will look to pursue that going forward.

A keeper I talked to also mentioned the bulls having the opportunity to share space with the matriarchal herd too which I found interesting. Although the whole complex can be divided into smaller sections, the keeper stated there was a hope that these dividers would only need to be used occasionally - interesting idea.

While bulls themselves don't live entirely with matriarchal herds in the wild. Most matriarchal herds have bulls in and around them in the wild quite a lot. It's good to see that they are trying to replicate this sort of dynamic. With bulls being more like loosely tied members that can come and go. Which again mimics that more natural dynamic of when elephants in the wild congregate in large numbers. While also having the facilities to seperate them back out mimicking that natural gathering and separation that they have in wild populations.

Not to mention it will be miles better for the bulls to have more interaction with each other and with the matriarchal herd. Both from a social and enrichment standpoint. Then just keeping them seperated by themselves. Especially when we know that they are social animals and males do form loose coalitions in the wild.

 

[Zoofan15]

Dubbo needs to redevelop their elephant area. Space isn't an issue the zoo has plenty of space. However the elephants are kept in enclosures that were originally built when the africans arrived and have only had add ons and upgrades attached.
Redeveloping the elephant area at Dubbo would enable them to better utilise the land the elephants are on and that of around them. The exhibits look barren and dated and need upgrading. Since they have spent so much time into the human aspect of the the zoo, accomodation, play areas and food areas. They should be starting to follow Taronga and create themed sections. They could do this by redeveloping the elephants and then building up the areas around as asian themed and move their asian species into the area.

Dubbo currently has three barns: the first barn was built in 1977 for the 1.4 young African elephants; the second barn was built ahead of the arrival of the 1.1 African elephants in 1983; and the third was built in 2014 ahead of the transfer of the Asian elephants from Taronga.

The new barn will be large enough to house the matriarchal herd inside for an extended period over winter. I believe this will still be at least 3-5 years away.

Expansion of the current precinct is difficult as the enclosures surrounded in most directions, but there is a fair chunk of space above the zebras. I guess Dubbo will ultimately need to consider whether they actually require an expansion; as obviously they don't at the moment. If they elect to have a breeding herd of the size they do now, they wouldn't require additional exhibits imo. It's a real toss of a coin.

Keeping the bull with the herd is a very unnatural thing that is done; and I'm not sure of many zoos that actually do this. Most (if not all) zoos keep the bulls separate from the cows and calves as they can be disruptive to herd dynamics. For that reason, I doubt any of our regions zoos will look to pursue that going forward.

A keeper I talked to also mentioned the bulls having the opportunity to share space with the matriarchal herd too which I found interesting. Although the whole complex can be divided into smaller sections, the keeper stated there was a hope that these dividers would only need to be used occasionally - interesting idea.

Taronga/Dubbo have been very restrictive in their breeding (large birth intervals) and will likely continue to implement these to prevent the herd from growing too large. Succession has been nothing to write home about and from the original import of four cows, we only have one surviving first generation female.

It’s a precarious state, though even with Pak Boon and Tang Mo likely transferring out, I’m optimistic for the future of their herd - especially with Anjalee joining the herd; and Kanlaya approaching adolescence.

I agree housing the bull in with the cows is unusual and hasn’t proved to be good practice in the past. It’s easy to consign this to the stress of small exhibits in city zoos; but even at the Dubbo site, Luk Chai and Pathi Harn were happy to leave the paddock housing the matriarchal herd at the end of social visits.

Bulls transfer out of herd at adolescence in the wild (where they have all the space on the world), so even Werribee’s impressive complex wouldn’t alter the natural social order imo.

 

[steveroberts]

That highrise walkway view for Pak Boon and Tang Mo that is designed with the Asiatic architectural theme would be able to be maintained imo if Taronga goes with either Sumatran or Bornean Orangutans as the near future replacement residents for that part of the zoo. As ZooFan has made clear it is an absolute requirement to have way more safety barriers (high fences an imperative) for housing bull Elephants...this means goodbye am certain to the much admired water feature barrier at the front of the main viewing area of Pak Boon & Tang Mo's yard.

Also with fastly increasing minimum standards for spatial requirements with Eles' the yard is already considered too small for Pak Boon & Tang Mo now pretty much. ZooFan is again totally right about the historical Elephant area the Temple yards/Gung's (former) yard for almost a decade being only large enough for one bull Elephant...and even then by current standards its not really anymore (an expensive expansion could give it a bit more size..but they already did an expensive expansion {well revamp I should say rather than expansion} 15 years ago..and look at it now..they got their 'moneys-worth' with it for Gung for about 9 years tops...I dont know how much time that would remain to growing standards, even when I thought that could be done to facilitate a post breeding male Indian Rhino I was wisely told by a friend of ours that it wouldnt be adequate by current standards). Its the old Elephant exhibit at Taronga (old the operative word) so if the main exhibit that is still only 17-18 years old is to be redeveloped for other animals, and Taronga is a strong follower of evolving general public opinions, so having an Elephant again in that exhibit when Gung was sent away from it five years ago after renovations only bought one more decade of Elephant occupancy, and theres a museum within the temple demonstrating that as an Elephant living space is a thing of the past, I think Taronga would be very reluctant to keep even one bull Elephant in that older exhibit when they have already done away with the newer one.

There is a general feeling to the overall landscape and design of the temple exhibit where even renovations cant take away the dated feel of it, and the required higher fences for bulls inadvertently makes the exhibit seem 'rougher around the edges' than the cow & infant exhibit to the west. A couple of Dromedaries have made a useful filler species in the interim for Taronga to figure out what they are going to do...but it wont be making a home for a bull Elephant (even though our region needs more volunteers on that front urgently, apart from Mogo and Darling Downs am wondering how much Canberra, Launceston, Altina, Coffs Harbour, Hunter Valley and Halls Gap can be called upon in regards to that? even Sydney Zoo with a third bull, though I think they are at capacity now). ZooFan mentioned another really great point about from a Taronga perspective the fact that they will send their last two Eles' away to 'bigger greener pastures' while Sydney Blacktown will still have two bulls is very likely going to be seen by Taronga as a very good publicity comparison with the tense opinions about Elephants in city zoos in this day and age, but also your point Zoofan about the exciting new additions at Taronga (and Melbourne, Perth is somewhat fortunate as the pressure doesnt feel ever as mounted as Taronga and Melbourne's always are) will be a strong expectation for exciting new (or returning) species to be at the zoos in 'replacement'.

 

[Zoofan15]

That highrise walkway view for Pak Boon and Tang Mo that is designed with the Asiatic architectural theme would be able to be maintained imo if Taronga goes with either Sumatran or Bornean Orangutans as the near future replacement residents for that part of the zoo. As ZooFan has made clear it is an absolute requirement to have way more safety barriers (high fences an imperative) for housing bull Elephants...this means goodbye am certain to the much admired water feature barrier at the front of the main viewing area of Pak Boon & Tang Mo's yard.

Also with fastly increasing minimum standards for spatial requirements with Eles' the yard is already considered too small for Pak Boon & Tang Mo now pretty much. ZooFan is again totally right about the historical Elephant area the Temple yards/Gung's (former) yard for almost a decade being only large enough for one bull Elephant...and even then by current standards its not really anymore (an expensive expansion could give it a bit more size..but they already did an expensive expansion {well revamp I should say rather than expansion} 15 years ago..and look at it now..they got their 'moneys-worth' with it for Gung for about 9 years tops...I dont know how much time that would remain to growing standards, even when I thought that could be done to facilitate a post breeding male Indian Rhino I was wisely told by a friend of ours that it wouldnt be adequate by current standards). Its the old Elephant exhibit at Taronga (old the operative word) so if the main exhibit that is still only 17-18 years old is to be redeveloped for other animals, and Taronga is a strong follower of evolving general public opinions, so having an Elephant again in that exhibit when Gung was sent away from it five years ago after renovations only bought one more decade of Elephant occupancy, and theres a museum within the temple demonstrating that as an Elephant living space is a thing of the past, I think Taronga would be very reluctant to keep even one bull Elephant in that older exhibit when they have already done away with the newer one.

There is a general feeling to the overall landscape and design of the temple exhibit where even renovations cant take away the dated feel of it, and the required higher fences for bulls inadvertently makes the exhibit seem 'rougher around the edges' than the cow & infant exhibit to the west. A couple of Dromedaries have made a useful filler species in the interim for Taronga to figure out what they are going to do...but it wont be making a home for a bull Elephant (even though our region needs more volunteers on that front urgently, apart from Mogo and Darling Downs am wondering how much Canberra, Launceston, Altina, Coffs Harbour, Hunter Valley and Halls Gap can be called upon in regards to that? even Sydney Zoo with a third bull, though I think they are at capacity now). ZooFan mentioned another really great point about from a Taronga perspective the fact that they will send their last two Eles' away to 'bigger greener pastures' while Sydney Blacktown will still have two bulls is very likely going to be seen by Taronga as a very good publicity comparison with the tense opinions about Elephants in city zoos in this day and age, but also your point Zoofan about the exciting new additions at Taronga (and Melbourne, Perth is somewhat fortunate as the pressure doesnt feel ever as mounted as Taronga and Melbourne's always are) will be a strong expectation for exciting new (or returning) species to be at the zoos in 'replacement'.

With regards to new holders down the line, I feel like Mogo is the best bet. They’ve shown some ambition in recent years with the acquisition of hyena etc. but elephants are a big step up.

The National Zoo and Aquarium could be another contender - though again, not for a while as they’re open to selling; and rapid expansion wouldn’t be on the minds of the new owner/investor.

It’s more than a little frustrating that Australia Zoo are playing their own game with Sumatran elephants; and effectively, so too are Sydney Zoo. The Sydney bulls won’t be required to contribute to our breeding programme for decades and even then, come from a well represented line preventing us from funnelling surplus back to Europe (or North America).

I’m not necessarily blaming these facilities as acquiring elephants from the region required a surplus that wasn’t there at the time - but the fact remains, had one of them waited a few years, they could now be receiving Man Jai and Sabai. A greater level of regional coordination and cooperation could have benefited everyone. Teamwork makes the dream work!

If Australia Zoo follow through on plans to import a bull Sumatran elephant, then it’ll at least justify them importing purebred Sumatran cows. My greatest fear is they’re gonna sit on these four cows, two of which have now been written off as breeding cows.

 

[Jambo]

With regards to new holders down the line, I feel like Mogo is the best bet. They’ve shown some ambition in recent years with the acquisition of hyena etc. but elephants are a big step up.

The National Zoo and Aquarium could be another contender - though again, not for a while as they’re open to selling; and rapid expansion wouldn’t be on the minds of the new owner/investor.

It’s more than a little frustrating that Australia Zoo are playing their own game with Sumatran elephants; and effectively, so too are Sydney Zoo. The Sydney bulls won’t be required to contribute to our breeding programme for decades and even then, come from a well represented line preventing us from funnelling surplus back to Europe (or North America).

I’m not necessarily blaming these facilities as acquiring elephants from the region required a surplus that wasn’t there at the time - but the fact remains, had one of them waited a few years, they could now be receiving Man Jai and Sabai. A greater level of regional coordination and cooperation could have benefited everyone. Teamwork makes the dream work!

If Australia Zoo follow through on plans to import a bull Sumatran elephant, then it’ll at least justify them importing purebred Sumatran cows. My greatest fear is they’re gonna sit on these four cows, two of which have now been written off as breeding cows.

It would've been an interesting situation if Jai Dee was still alive today at Taronga. Perhaps Taronga would've been driven to send him (and Pak Boon and Tang Mo) over to Dubbo sooner; as he would've been six this year. That seemed like the most obvious way to go imo; although a less likely option would've seen Jai Dee would've been sent to Gung's old enclosure.

In my opinion Gung's move to Dubbo at the start of 2018 saw the end of the elephant breeding program at Taronga. With the size of the enclosures and the bull enclosure being quite a distance away from the current cow complex; this was obviously a no brainer. Although I do recall the elephant expansion planned was going to include a walkway to connect both enclosures; this has obviously been reconsidered, and rightfully so as this investment wouldn't have benefited them long-term when the elephants were inevitably going to be transferred out anyway.

Without an active breeding bull on site, Taronga would've been left with only one option for breeding - AI. Considering this is highly expensive and a complicated process, Taronga would've surely wanted to avoid this. Therefore it's likely that Taronga conceded and planned to move the remaining four across to Dubbo once Jai Dee reached maturity (around this time- 2022/23).

In this case, Jai Dee would've surely provided companionship for Sabai and the two males probably would've formed a close duo. Pak Boon would've had the opportunity to breed again, tying in with Thong Dee's next offspring (Around 2024ish); and Tang Mo would've been reunited with her close friend, Thong Dee too.

Anjalee's arrival has certainly thrown a spanner in the works. Dubbo can probably no longer accommodate an additional breeding cow (especially with Kanlaya looking to join the breeding program soon). Therefore it makes the most sense to send these two girls to Monarto (or Werribee) where they can breed. I had previously assumed the lack of moving those two girls was in waiting for the Werribee complex to be completed, but it's also possible Monarto was always a possibility in the back of their minds too. I'm sure if Dubbo was an option they would've been moved already by now.

 

[Zoofan15]

It would've been an interesting situation if Jai Dee was still alive today at Taronga. Perhaps Taronga would've been driven to send him (and Pak Boon and Tang Mo) over to Dubbo sooner; as he would've been six this year. That seemed like the most obvious way to go imo; although a less likely option would've seen Jai Dee would've been sent to Gung's old enclosure.

In my opinion Gung's move to Dubbo at the start of 2018 saw the end of the elephant breeding program at Taronga. With the size of the enclosures and the bull enclosure being quite a distance away from the current cow complex; this was obviously a no brainer. Although I do recall the elephant expansion planned was going to include a walkway to connect both enclosures; this has obviously been reconsidered, and rightfully so as this investment wouldn't have benefited them long-term when the elephants were inevitably going to be transferred out anyway.

Without an active breeding bull on site, Taronga would've been left with only one option for breeding - AI. Considering this is highly expensive and a complicated process, Taronga would've surely wanted to avoid this. Therefore it's likely that Taronga conceded and planned to move the remaining four across to Dubbo once Jai Dee reached maturity (around this time- 2022/23).

In this case, Jai Dee would've surely provided companionship for Sabai and the two males probably would've formed a close duo. Pak Boon would've had the opportunity to breed again, tying in with Thong Dee's next offspring (Around 2024ish); and Tang Mo would've been reunited with her close friend, Thong Dee too.

Anjalee's arrival has certainly thrown a spanner in the works. Dubbo can probably no longer accommodate an additional breeding cow (especially with Kanlaya looking to join the breeding program soon). Therefore it makes the most sense to send these two girls to Monarto (or Werribee) where they can breed. I had previously assumed the lack of moving those two girls was in waiting for the Werribee complex to be completed, but it's also possible Monarto was always a possibility in the back of their minds too. I'm sure if Dubbo was an option they would've been moved already by now.

There’s so many possibilities with Jai Dee. Assuming he was still there now, they may have negotiated with Monarto to accept him along with the cows; or he and Sabai may have been housed at Taronga together, with Pak Boon and Tang Mo transferring to Monarto.

In any case, I’m inclined to believe that if Jai Dee was transferred to Dubbo to join Sabai, the cows would have remained at Taronga. When I asked Taronga earlier this year, they said Pak Boon and Tang Mo wouldn’t move to Dubbo until the new barn was built (which could be five years away).

Between then (the start of 2023) and now, Monarto has surprised everyone with plans to acquire elephants and this gives Taronga the opportunity to transfer their cows out much sooner.

Assuming Pak Boon and Tang Mo go to Monarto, Taronga will be at an interesting cross roads. They’ll be without elephants and only have Sabai to fill the gap. Housing an adolescent bull in isolation isn’t ideal and I doubt they’d wanna help out Werribee by accepting Man Jai - as this represents a space a future Dubbo bred bull could take.

 

[Zoofan15]

Taronga Western Plains Zoo - Update on Anjalee

In celebration of Anjalee’s 17th birthday today, Taronga Western Plains Zoo have posted an update on Anjalee, who’s been at the zoo for nearly 18 months now.

Hopefully it won’t be too much longer before Anjalee successfully breeds with one of the zoo’s bulls. She’s well settled into the herd and it’d be nice to see her have a calf of her own while she’s still young.

From socials:

Spoiler: Anjalee Update

Anjalee arrived at Taronga Western Plains Zoo on 8 March 2022, and has absolutely thrived in the past 18 months. She has formed some great relationships with our other Asian Elephants, and the keepers who have the privilege of working with her every day.

Anjalee is a sweet-natured and exceptionally intelligent elephant, who learns new things very quickly. Her bond with the females in the herd and grown considerably since her arrival, as the herd comes together regularly to dust bath, wallow, graze and forage.

She has found her place in the herd as a doting Aunty to Kanlaya (the youngest elephant in the herd at 5), and you will often find her standing guard over Kanlaya as she enjoys her midday naps, or joining her for swims in the summer months.

Anjalee has now had multiple social interactions with all the bulls that reside at TWPZ. We hope that there will be opportunity for Anjalee to naturally breed here in Dubbo and fulfil her crucial role in the conservation breeding program for Asian Elephants in Australia, as her genetics are unrepresented in the region.

Anjalee's name means 'gracious gift' in Sinhalese, and she has indeed been an absolute gift to all of the team here in Dubbo. We are thrilled at her progress and integration so far into the herd, and we can’t wait to see what the future holds for Anjalee and the Asian Elephant conservation program here at Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

Aaaa

 

[Zoofan15]

Melbourne Zoo - Man Jai (2013-2023)

Some very sad news from Melbourne Zoo. Man Jai passed away this morning from EEHV at the age of nine years.

From socials:

Nine-year-old Man Jai developed an acute onset of the incurable disease Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus (EEHV) earlier this week. His keepers, who monitor the herd closely and frequently for signs of this disease, noticed swelling in his neck and uncharacteristic lethargy.

Man Jai was immediately tested by Melbourne Zoo veterinarians for EEHV, with blood tests confirming a positive diagnosis and urgent anti-viral treatment administered. However, despite Melbourne Zoo's veterinary and keeper expertise, and around-the-clock care, Man Jai tragically lost his life to the virus in the early hours of this morning.

 

[Jambo]

On the note of Man Jai's death, I think this now presents some potential new developments going forward that might be considered regionally. I've listed them below.

Move to Werribee:

Luk Chai was initially going to be sent over with Man Jai, but now with Man Jai no longer with us I wonder whether Melbourne will still go through with plans of sending him over to Werribee first a few months before the cows.

Bulls are naturally solitary but I can imagine it might be daunting for a bull (especially of his nature) to settle into a huge new complex by himself.

Moving him prior to the cows wouldn't make much sense anymore as it was to give the cows more space in the meantime; but this could now be accommodated as there's now a spare paddock following Man Jai's passing.

Bong Su's last two offspring:
With Man Jai's death, Bong Su now has two remaining offspring in the region - Mali and Pathi Harn.

Mali currently has a young son of her own; but the driving initiative here would be that Pathi Harn is now a far more valuable breeding bull than before.

At Dubbo, we've conceded he will likely be used for breeding with Thong Dee, but now with him being far more valuable, I'd hope we see him being paired with Anjalee too for breeding.

Sabai to Werribee:
Just a little thought; Dubbo don't have the luxury of having the space Werribee will have and if they wish to continue increasing their herd size it would be advisable for them to be able to accommodate young bulls going forward from the next cohort.

Sabai would potentially disrupt the ability to do this, and whilst many of us have speculated a move to the US, a move down to Werribee to rejoin his older brother Luk Chai might be another option.

Luk Chai is clearly a bull who values companionship from younger bulls, and he won't be getting this from Roi Yim until at least another five years or so. Moving Sabai would reward him with this opportunity once again.

 

[Zoofan15]

On the note of Man Jai's death, I think this now presents some potential new developments going forward that might be considered regionally. I've listed them below.

Move to Werribee:

Luk Chai was initially going to be sent over with Man Jai, but now with Man Jai no longer with us I wonder whether Melbourne will still go through with plans of sending him over to Werribee first a few months before the cows.

Bulls are naturally solitary but I can imagine it might be daunting for a bull (especially of his nature) to settle into a huge new complex by himself.

Moving him prior to the cows wouldn't make much sense anymore as it was to give the cows more space in the meantime; but this could now be accommodated as there's now a spare paddock following Man Jai's passing.

Bong Su's last two offspring:
With Man Jai's death, Bong Su now has two remaining offspring in the region - Mali and Pathi Harn.

Mali currently has a young son of her own; but the driving initiative here would be that Pathi Harn is now a far more valuable breeding bull than before.

At Dubbo, we've conceded he will likely be used for breeding with Thong Dee, but now with him being far more valuable, I'd hope we see him being paired with Anjalee too for breeding.

Sabai to Werribee:
Just a little thought; Dubbo don't have the luxury of having the space Werribee will have and if they wish to continue increasing their herd size it would be advisable for them to be able to accommodate young bulls going forward from the next cohort.

Sabai would potentially disrupt the ability to do this, and whilst many of us have speculated a move to the US, a move down to Werribee to rejoin his older brother Luk Chai might be another option.

Luk Chai is clearly a bull who values companionship from younger bulls, and he won't be getting this from Roi Yim until at least another five years or so. Moving Sabai would reward him with this opportunity once again.

Transferring Sabai to Werribee is a great idea as it would both free up space at Dubbo and provide Luk Chai with the companionship he won’t otherwise get until Roi-Yim begins his transition out of the herd in several years time.

North America are clearly in no hurry to import Sabai, though I still believe this will be his eventual destination. Housing him at Werribee could work for all parties concerned with the view of him being exported long term.

It’s easy to see Pathi Harn having a bright future as a breeding bull. Potentially, they could condition him for AI; but in the meantime, his greatest application will be as Dubbo’s breeding bull. Looking into the future, Kati at Werribee could conceive through AI to Pathi Harn.

Monarto will be interesting to see. Putra Mas and Pak Boon will form a pairing that’s unrivalled in genetic value within the region and at least two calves in quick succession seems probable. The ideal would be female calves - not just for the purpose of establishing a herd; but to potentially facilitate a swap of Putra Mas and Luk Chai a decade or so from now.

 

[Zoofan15]

Number of Relatives per Elephant

To give a rough idea of genetic value, I thought it’d be interesting to detail the number of relatives per elephant in the region.

Non reproductive elephants are omitted; as are the Sumatran elephants at Australia Zoo and the bulls at Sydney Zoo (unlikely to join the breeding programme for at least two decades).

Green = reproductive; Blue = pre-reproductive:

1.0 Putra Mas (1989) Imported 1992 1
1.0 Pathi Harn (2010) Bong Su x Porntip 4
1.0 Gung (2000) Imported 2006 5
1.0 Luk Chai (2009) Gung x Thong Dee 6
1.0 Sabai (2016) Gung x Thong Dee 6
1.0 Roi-Yim (2022) Luk Chai x Mali 9

0.1 Pak Boon (1992) Imported 2006 0
0.1 Anjalee (2006) Imported 2015 0
0.1 Num-Oi (2001) Imported 2006 1
0.1 Porntip (1992); Imported 2006 2
0.1 Dokkoon (1993) Imported 2006 3
0.1 Kanlaya (2018) Putra Mas x Porntip 3
0.1 Mali (2010) Bong Su x Dokkoon 4
0.1 Thong Dee (1997); Imported 2006 5
0.1 Kati (2023) Luk Chai x Num Oi 7
0.1 Aiyara (2022) Luk Chai x Dokkoon 8

It comes as no surprise to see Putra Mas and Pak Boon ranked as first and first equal. It’s widely believed they’ll be paired at Monarto for breeding in the near future.

Anjalee is also unrepresented. The sire of her first calf hasn’t yet been chosen/announced, but Pathi Harn and Gung rank in the top three.

Even if space is freed up at Dubbo, there’s little justification for breeding from Thong Dee again when Porntip and Anjalee are higher priorities. An exception may be made to further Bong Su’s genes (via Pathi Harn) in light of the passing of Man Jai.

It’s difficult to see Roi-Yim breeding. Regionally, his half sisters rank low, though they will be bred in accordance with best reproductive practice and to ensure succession within the Werribee herd.

Num Oi remains a priority for breeding within Werribee’s herd. I anticipate short birth intervals for her and Dokkoon; and lengthy birth intervals (6-8 years) for Mali, Aiyara and Kati going forward.

 

[Zoofan15]

Monarto Reach Fundraising Target

This is the beginning of the end of elephants in New Zealand, but will ultimately be a great move for Burma.

From Auckland Zoo’s socials:

We're excited to share that our colleagues at Zoos South Australia have reached their fundraising target to build an elephant habitat at Monarto Safari Park.

This means that ZSA can progress the construction of phase one of its proposed Asian elephant habitat – and with this comes greater certainty of a forever home for Auckland Zoo’s Asian elephant, Burma.

Burma and two other elephants from Perth Zoo in similar circumstances, would be the first elephants at the new 14ha open range habitat – one of the largest of its kind in the region – that will provide invaluable support for the Australasian regional elephant breeding and advocacy programme.

“This is an amazing effort from Zoos South Australia and their incredibly supportive community and of course, excellent news for Burma,” says our director, Kevin Buley. “It’s still early days but growing certainty over Burma’s future means we can start planning now for a move some time in the next 12-18 months to a new home who are extremely excited to receive her.”

We'll keep you updated as we have more news.

 

[Zoofan15]

EEHV Testing in Australasian Zoos

In Taronga’s 2018 annual report, it was noted that preparations to undertake routine EEHV testing were about to begin:

Spoiler: Taronga Zoo Annual Report (2018)

Until now, a test for these viruses was not available in Australia. In collaboration with Zoos Victoria and The University of Sydney, Taronga has established EEHV testing capacity to screen Australia’s Asian Elephant herds. The priority is to condition all elephants for the newly established testing in conjunction with an overall management and care plan.

Five years on, this is the testing procedure currently undertaken at Melbourne:

Spoiler: Zoos Victoria Website

Melbourne Zoo takes the health of the herd extremely seriously, particularly as the possibility of EEHV outbreaks has the potential to affect all the elephants under the age of 15.

Prevention and monitoring for EEHV is critical as currently there is no vaccine or medication effective in preventing EEHV disease, only treatments to minimise the symptoms.

Melbourne Zoo’s elephants are closely monitored by keepers observing for any deviation from the calf’s normal appetite, gait, sleep pattern, and body temperature and activity levels. Each adult herd member also has weekly blood tests to detect any evidence of the presence of EEHVs. In the event of any evidence of EEHV, treatment is implemented immediately, as was the case with Man Jai as soon as EEHV was confirmed. However, at present, drug treatment is effective in only around 20% - 30% of cases, as the disease can progress very rapidly. For most animals who develop the disease, it is fatal.

Tukta (2010-2018) sadly died from EEHV prior to routine testing being implemented in the region; but despite the setback of last month’s death of Man Jai (2013-2023), it’s good to know there’s a system in place to protect the remaining population.

The are currently 12 elephants in the region under 15 years (which is is just under half the regional population):

0.1 Christina (2009) Australia
1.0 Luk Chai (2009) Melbourne
0.1 Mali (2010) Melbourne
1.0 Pathi Harn (2010) Dubbo
0.1 Raflesia (2014) Australia
1.0 Kavi (2014) Sydney
1.0 Ashoka (2014) Sydney
1.0 Sabai (2016) Dubbo
0.1 Kanlaya (2018) Dubbo
0.1 Aiyara (2022) Melbourne
1.0 Roi-Yim (2022) Melbourne
0.1 Kati (2023) Melbourne

Statistically, those around weaning age represent a large percentage of fatalities overseas; but as evidenced by the two Australasian fatalities, vigilance throughout adolescence is just as important.

 

[Jambo]

Werribee Zoo move update:

As we're all aware Melbourne's elephants will be moving over to Werribee next year of which is quite exciting as their new home is set to be a world class complex of which is going to raise the bar even further for elephant husbandry. In a recent magazine I only just received (despite it being winter's addition) the move is outlined in further detail, with some refinements made to the original plan of which I'll mention below.

• The new complex is 21 hectares (51 acres) and it will feature five large outdoor paddocks (a downgrade from what was planned before, but then again, further fencing can be added down the line when required)
• The paddocks will include an array of different areas; forest, fields, large sandpits, and giant deep water pools (which will be the size of lakes!) - they plan to retain a lot of the current trees and vegetation in that area. It'll be a feat if they can manage this as elephants tend to destroy vegetation quite quick but hopefully the enormous scale of the complex will help alleviate this.
• The complex will also feature TWO overhead bridges where elephants get to pass over the visitors going from the barns to the outdoor areas. It'll be quite exciting to see this in action, and how they design this. Denver Zoo is the only zoo I know of that has elephant bridges and I'll link a photo of one of their's below for interest's sake;
• There will be two large barns (one for bulls, one for cows); the cows barn is going to be absolutely huge so they will be able to accommodate natural herd births in the future.
• The elephants will be moved over in three separate moves over a short period of time; I imagine this would've been the two bulls first and then the eight cows (in two moves of four a few months later, yet a few weeks apart). Obviously this was prior to Man Jai's death, so this will have to be re-thought out. I imagine they still do the same, with Luk Chai effectively being sent over first by himself. Or, they could move some of the girls first meaning it would go something like; Num Oi, Kulab and Kati (first), Luk Chai, Mali and Roi Yim (second) and then Mek Kapah, Dokkoon and Aiyara (last). It'll be interesting what avenue they decide to go but moving them in threes will now be obviously more efficient.

 

[Zoofan15]

Werribee Zoo move update:

As we're all aware Melbourne's elephants will be moving over to Werribee next year of which is quite exciting as their new home is set to be a world class complex of which is going to raise the bar even further for elephant husbandry. In a recent magazine I only just received (despite it being winter's addition) the move is outlined in further detail, with some refinements made to the original plan of which I'll mention below.

• The new complex is 21 hectares (51 acres) and it will feature five large outdoor paddocks (a downgrade from what was planned before, but then again, further fencing can be added down the line when required)
• The paddocks will include an array of different areas; forest, fields, large sandpits, and giant deep water pools (which will be the size of lakes!) - they plan to retain a lot of the current trees and vegetation in that area. It'll be a feat if they can manage this as elephants tend to destroy vegetation quite quick but hopefully the enormous scale of the complex will help alleviate this.
• The complex will also feature TWO overhead bridges where elephants get to pass over the visitors going from the barns to the outdoor areas. It'll be quite exciting to see this in action, and how they design this. Denver Zoo is the only zoo I know of that has elephant bridges and I'll link a photo of one of their's below for interest's sake; View attachment 653240
• There will be two large barns (one for bulls, one for cows); the cows barn is going to be absolutely huge so they will be able to accommodate natural herd births in the future.
• The elephants will be moved over in three separate moves over a short period of time; I imagine this would've been the two bulls first and then the eight cows (in two moves of four a few months later, yet a few weeks apart). Obviously this was prior to Man Jai's death, so this will have to be re-thought out. I imagine they still do the same, with Luk Chai effectively being sent over first by himself. Or, they could move some of the girls first meaning it would go something like; Num Oi, Kulab and Kati (first), Luk Chai, Mali and Roi Yim (second) and then Mek Kapah, Dokkoon and Aiyara (last). It'll be interesting what avenue they decide to go but moving them in threes will now be obviously more efficient.

Thanks for the update!

I think the downgrade to five paddocks was a reasonable call. Funding was approved prior to Covid and rising construction costs mean this is the compromise between the original and scrapping the project altogether (which would be unthinkable).

Werribee initially seemed like a likely destination for Putra Mas, but fortunately Monarto have provided an avenue door retaining the genes of this valuable founder bull. Combined with the unfortunate loss of Man Jai, Werribee will only need to accomodate two groupings of elephants (Luk Chai and the matriarchal herd) until Roi-Yim begins his transition out of the herd. The current state should allow the retention of several more male calves - with an additional two paddocks beyond those allocated above; holding yards; and the option to subdivide existing paddocks as funding allows.

I think your idea of transferring Luk Chai in conjunction with the cows/calves would be of benefit to him. It’d probably be beneficial to have Mek Kepah and Dokkoon (and Aiyara) arrive on site first due to their respective roles within the herd. They’ll be better placed to support the other cows, who will be looking to them for guidance as they in turn arrive in an unfamiliar place. The grouping of Luk Chai, Mali and Roi-Yim should follow next as the alternative would otherwise see Mali left alone with her calf at Melbourne when Kulab/Num Oi depart.

1) Mek Kepah, Dokkoon and Aiyara
2) Luk Chai, Mali and Roi-Yim
3) Kulab, Num Oi and Kati

 

[Jambo]

Thanks for the update!

I think the downgrade to five paddocks was a reasonable call. Funding was approved prior to Covid and rising construction costs mean this is the compromise between the original and scrapping the project altogether (which would be unthinkable).

Werribee initially seemed like a likely destination for Putra Mas, but fortunately Monarto have provided an avenue door retaining the genes of this valuable founder bull. Combined with the unfortunate loss of Man Jai, Werribee will only need to accomodate two groupings of elephants (Luk Chai and the matriarchal herd) until Roi-Yim begins his transition out of the herd. The current state should allow the retention of several more male calves - with an additional two paddocks beyond those allocated above; holding yards; and the option to subdivide existing paddocks as funding allows.

I think your idea of transferring Luk Chai in conjunction with the cows/calves would be of benefit to him. It’d probably be beneficial to have Mek Kepah and Dokkoon (and Aiyara) arrive on site first due to their respective roles within the herd. They’ll be better placed to support the other cows, who will be looking to them for guidance as they in turn arrive in an unfamiliar place. The grouping of Luk Chai, Mali and Roi-Yim should follow next as the alternative would otherwise see Mali left alone with her calf at Melbourne when Kulab/Num Oi depart.

1) Mek Kepah, Dokkoon and Aiyara
2) Luk Chai, Mali and Roi-Yim
3) Kulab, Num Oi and Kati

Only requiring two different groups would be great as it would allow the elephants to utilise each different part of the complex much better than they otherwise would. Rotational paddocks would also allow regrowth in some of the paddocks with heavy vegetation (which I imagine will only be used by these guys every now and again). Once Roi Yim gets of age, he'll certainly transition in with Luk Chai and fulfil a role similar to what Man Jai had. In saying that Melbourne's keepers are adamant the sheer size of this complex will allow natural fission fusion between the bulls and cows, so it'll be interesting to see how his herd exit pans out.

Sending Mek Kapah, Dokkoon and Aiyara first would make the most sense, as Mek Kapah and Dokkoon are viewed as being the matriarchs of the herd and both will be strongly required for guidance and comfort when the rest of the herd arrive.

It will be awesome to see Mek Kapah step out first into the new complex after her almost half a century long tenure at Melbourne where she's seen plenty of changes in regards to habitats and what's been considered 'appropriate' for elephants.

I initially placed Num Oi/Kulab/Kati first as those three are probably the most confident out of all of the elephants; Mek Kapah and Dokkoon can be quite shy and nervous, especially in a new environment, but I'm confident together they'll be able to adapt and get ready. The elephants should only be sent over around a 1-2 weeks apart anyhow, so they won't be separated for too long.

 

[Zoofan15]

Only requiring two different groups would be great as it would allow the elephants to utilise each different part of the complex much better than they otherwise would. Rotational paddocks would also allow regrowth in some of the paddocks with heavy vegetation (which I imagine will only be used by these guys every now and again). Once Roi Yim gets of age, he'll certainly transition in with Luk Chai and fulfil a role similar to what Man Jai had. In saying that Melbourne's keepers are adamant the sheer size of this complex will allow natural fission fusion between the bulls and cows, so it'll be interesting to see how his herd exit pans out.

Sending Mek Kapah, Dokkoon and Aiyara first would make the most sense, as Mek Kapah and Dokkoon are viewed as being the matriarchs of the herd and both will be strongly required for guidance and comfort when the rest of the herd arrive.

It will be awesome to see Mek Kapah step out first into the new complex after her almost half a century long tenure at Melbourne where she's seen plenty of changes in regards to habitats and what's been considered 'appropriate' for elephants.

I initially placed Num Oi/Kulab/Kati first as those three are probably the most confident out of all of the elephants; Mek Kapah and Dokkoon can be quite shy and nervous, especially in a new environment, but I'm confident together they'll be able to adapt and get ready. The elephants should only be sent over around a 1-2 weeks apart anyhow, so they won't be separated for too long.

It’s exciting times ahead for the herd and I look forward to seeing how succession pans out. I’m optimistic we’ll see regular breeding, even though this will likely be every five or six years rather than natural birth intervals of three years.

Roi-Yim ranks low in genetic value, as will future calves of his parents. I can’t see Werribee wanting to undertake AI, so I imagine this will be addressed by breeding from Mali again after a longer birth interval than Dokkoon and Num Oi, who are more genetically valuable and will likely breed together on the next rotation.

Additional female calves are preferable of course, though Roi-Yim would benefit from the companionship of male peers, since his father is over a decade older than himself.

Monarto have made much ado about providing Putra Mas with a forever home. I’m unsure if this was a merely a term of phrase; but it seems obvious that an exchange of Luk Chai and Putra Mas a decade from now would best serve the needs of the breeding programme (ideally once Putra Mas has sired daughters at Monarto). Aiyara and Kati will need mates a decade from now.

 

[Abbey]

It’s exciting times ahead for the herd and I look forward to seeing how succession pans out. I’m optimistic we’ll see regular breeding, even though this will likely be every five years rather than natural birth intervals of three years.

Roi-Yim ranks low in genetic value, as will future calves of his parents. I can’t see Werribee wanting to undertake AI, so I imagine this will be addressed by breeding from Mali again after a longer birth interval than Dokkoon and Num Oi, who are more genetically valuable and will likely breed together on the next rotation.

Additional female calves are preferable of course, though Roi-Yim would benefit from the companionship of male peers, since his father is over a decade older than himself.

Monarto have made much ado about providing Putra Mas with a forever home. I’m unsure if this was a merely a term of phrase; but it seems obvious that an exchange of Luk Chai and Putra Mas a decade from now would best serve the needs of the breeding programme (ideally once Putra Mas has sired daughters at Monarto). Aiyara and Kati will need mates a decade from now.

The language of a 'forever home' is quite common with people adopting pets and the like, so I wouldn't be surprised if it's just a turn of phrase which the general public will understand. Aiyara and Kati will need to conceive sometime between 2032 and 2037, so it would be cutting it fine for a son from Putra Mas, although that could be an option in the future.

I would think, for social reasons, cows would only be designated non-breeding if there were health reasons to prevent them (ie Kulab), unlike other species. If Aiyara was a Sumatran tiger, she probably wouldn't ever get the chance to breed, but I acknowledge it's a bit of a false equivalance.

Pathi Harn, impregnate Anjalee, stat!

 

[Zoofan15]

The language of a 'forever home' is quite common with people adopting pets and the like, so I wouldn't be surprised if it's just a turn of phrase which the general public will understand. Aiyara and Kati will need to conceive sometime between 2032 and 2037, so it would be cutting it fine for a son from Putra Mas, although that could be an option in the future.

I would think, for social reasons, cows would only be designated non-breeding if there were health reasons to prevent them (ie Kulab), unlike other species. If Aiyara was a Sumatran tiger, she probably wouldn't ever get the chance to breed, but I acknowledge it's a bit of a false equivalance.

Pathi Harn, impregnate Anjalee, stat!

That seems likely. People form emotional attachments towards zoo animals and even with the explanation Putra Mas was transferring to breed, there’s the potential for upset from the general public.

It’s certainly beneficial for female elephants to breed, so I think it’s likely all that can breed will breed. What I do think we’ll see though is later ages for first time breeding. Cows have bred as young as 10-12 years, but breeding them at 15-16 years would extend the intergenerational gaps. All going well (no EEHV losses), it wouldn’t surprise me to see Aiyara and Kati breed circa 2037 - meaning a son of Putra Mas/Pak Boon could be a viable option!

Breeding from Putra Mas and Pak Boon should be a priority; second only to Pathi Harn and Anjalee. The latter is well settled into Dubbo’s herd now.

 

[Zoofan15]

Australia Zoo - all Sumatran elephants now on display:

As reported on socials, Australia Zoo’s four elephants are finally on display together:

0.1 Megawati (19/07/1999) centre
0.1 Widya (21/05/2001) background
0.1 Christina (01/12/2009) left
0.1 Raflesia (00/11/2014) right


Photo source: Australia Zoo